量子概率论与无穷维分析：从基础到应用

2003年春季学期德国Greifswald大学举办了一系列以“量子概率论：从基础到应用”为主题的学术活动，其中包括一个春季学习班、两个工作会议以及于6月22—28日举行的“量子概率论与无穷维分析”国际会议。同年秋季作为该活动的延续又在意大利Levico Terme举行了一期“量子独立增量过程”的工作会议。[第一段]     

Species-typical songs in white-crowned sparrows tutored with only phrase pairs

Modern theories of learned vocal behaviours, such as human speech and singing in songbirds, posit that acoustic communication signals are reproduced from memory, using auditory feedback. The nature of these memories, however, is unclear. Here we propose and test a model for how complex song structure can emerge from sparse sequence information acquired during tutoring. In this conceptual model, a population of combination-sensitive (phrase-pair) detectors is shaped by early exposure to song and serves as the minimal representation of the template necessary for generating complete song. As predicted by the model, birds that were tutored with only pairs of normally adjacent song phrases were able to assemble full songs in which phrases were placed in the correct order; birds that were tutored with reverse-ordered phrase pairs sang songs with reversed phrase order. Birds that were tutored with all song phrases, but presented singly, failed to produce normal, full songs. These findings provide the first evidence for a minimal requirement of sequence information in the acoustic model that can give rise to correct song structure.