软件工程知识的获取

本书是由新加坡世界科技出版公司出版的《软件工程与知识工程丛书》的第14卷。未来的软件系统将分布在整个网络上，并具有专门从事不同活动的代理。每一个代理都具有不同程度上的自治。软件开发机构将会依靠这些代理，利用不同的程序开发过程来生产软件程序。本书从遗传编程的角度讨论了具体的不同之处。作者试图通过设计一个用于演化程序的软件工程环境系统（SWEEP），来使我们对于开发多代理、多过程的未来的洞察力变得更为具体。SWEEP系统使用遗传编程在软件的创建与修改中起了中心的作用。此外，还对度量学特别注意，探索了可通用性、程序肿胀和有效程序长度问题。     

基于因特网的智能信息处理系统

本书为《创新智力》丛书的第3卷。因特网使以前不可能实现的难事成为可能，如容易地存取大量信息。但信息量和变量两者以质量形式对介质有效利用产生妨碍。由于这个原因，人工智能将成为有用的工具。智能系统可以用来检索因特网和数据挖掘；解释因特网导出资料、人-Web接口、消除监视条件和诸多新发现。本书提出关于诸如神经网络、自适应和连接者范型、模糊和基于规则的系统、智能代理人等智能系统和因特网之间交互的最新研究，它还纵览帮助和提高使用因特网的智能系统服务及一个通体用智能技术的信道，即因特网的应用。     

ZrO2-YO1.5-CeO2体系的相图估算

利用置换溶液模型优化计算了 YO1 .5 - Ce O2 二元系的相图 ,并得到了估算的热力学参数 .结合以前优化的Zr O2 - Ce O2 和 Zr O2 - YO1 .5 二元系 ,并根据 Bonnier方法进行外推 ,估算了 Zr O2 - YO1 .5 - Ce O2 三元系在 1973K和 1873K下的等温截面相图 ,其结果与试验结果较吻合 .     

大型汽轮发电机定子混合型导体的参数计算

采用导体分层处理方法 ,推导出大型汽轮发电机定子混合型导体采用槽部完全换位时电阻与电抗的数值计算公式 .根据“能量法”求出线棒各股线分布的电流与交流损耗及电阻增加系数 .采用类似的方式推导出各股线无功损耗与电抗的计算公式 .     

电机定子线棒股线间环流的简化计算模型

介绍了在假定条件下大型汽轮发电机定子线棒股线间环流计算模型中股线参数及线棒端部附近漏磁场的简化计算方法 .计算了QFQS 2 0 0MW汽轮发电机定子上、下层线棒的环流 ,并与相关文献的结果做了比较 ,证实了所用方法的有效性     

A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Two large-scale yeast two-hybrid screens were undertaken to identify protein-protein interactions between full-length open reading frames predicted from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence. In one approach, we constructed a protein array of about 6,000 yeast transformants, with each transformant expressing one of the open reading frames as a fusion to an activation domain. This array was screened by a simple and automated procedure for 192 yeast proteins, with positive responses identified by their positions in the array. In a second approach, we pooled cells expressing one of about 6,000 activation domain fusions to generate a library. We used a high-throughput screening procedure to screen nearly all of the 6,000 predicted yeast proteins, expressed as Gal4 DNA-binding domain fusion proteins, against the library, and characterized positives by sequence analysis. These approaches resulted in the detection of 957 putative interactions involving 1,004 S. cerevisiae proteins. These data reveal interactions that place functionally unclassified proteins in a biological context, interactions between proteins involved in the same biological function, and interactions that link biological functions together into larger cellular processes. The results of these screens are shown here.     

Ion permeation mechanism of the potassium channel

Ion-selective channels enable the specific permeation of ions through cell membranes and provide the basis of several important biological functions; for example, electric signalling in the nervous system. Although a large amount of electrophysiological data is available, the molecular mechanisms by which these channels can mediate ion transport remain a significant unsolved problem. With the recently determined crystal structure of the representative K+ channel (KcsA) from Streptomyces lividans, it becomes possible to examine ion conduction pathways on a microscopic level. K+ channels utilize multi-ion conduction mechanisms, and the three-dimensional structure also shows several ions present in the channel. Here we report results from molecular dynamics free energy perturbation calculations that both establish the nature of the multiple ion conduction mechanism and yield the correct ion selectivity of the channel. By evaluating the energetics of all relevant occupancy states of the selectivity filter, we find that the favoured conduction pathway involves transitions only between two main states with a free difference of about 5 kcal mol(-1). Other putative permeation pathways can be excluded because they would involve states that are too high in energy.     

中国竹类真菌资源和多样性

本文作者对中国竹类真菌的研究历史、多样性、生活史、地理分布、寄主选择性、组织选择性和竹类真菌的演替作了文献综述。至今中国大陆已经报道了189种包括75属竹类真菌;此外在香港还报道了79种包括58属的竹类真菌．这些竹类真菌大多数是子囊菌,其次为担子菌和半知菌。柄锈科(Pucciniaceae)种类多样性最丰富,有20种1次之为黑痣菌科(Phyllachoraceae)有15种,炭角菌科(Xylariaceae)有9种,煤炱科(Capnodiaceae)有8种．     

Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal brain tumour in adults and children. However, DNA copy number and gene expression signatures indicate differences between adult and paediatric cases. To explore the genetic events underlying this distinction, we sequenced the exomes of 48 paediatric GBM samples. Somatic mutations in the H3.3-ATRX-DAXX chromatin remodelling pathway were identified in 44% of tumours (21/48). Recurrent mutations in H3F3A, which encodes the replication-independent histone 3 variant H3.3, were observed in 31% of tumours, and led to amino acid substitutions at two critical positions within the histone tail (K27M, G34R/G34V) involved in key regulatory post-translational modifications. Mutations in ATRX (α-thalassaemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked) and DAXX (death-domain associated protein), encoding two subunits of a chromatin remodelling complex required for H3.3 incorporation at pericentric heterochromatin and telomeres, were identified in 31% of samples overall, and in 100% of tumours harbouring a G34R or G34V H3.3 mutation. Somatic TP53 mutations were identified in 54% of all cases, and in 86% of samples with H3F3A and/or ATRX mutations. Screening of a large cohort of gliomas of various grades and histologies (n = 784) showed H3F3A mutations to be specific to GBM and highly prevalent in children and young adults. Furthermore, the presence of H3F3A/ATRX-DAXX/TP53 mutations was strongly associated with alternative lengthening of telomeres and specific gene expression profiles. This is, to our knowledge, the first report to highlight recurrent mutations in a regulatory histone in humans, and our data suggest that defects of the chromatin architecture underlie paediatric and young adult GBM pathogenesis.     

The suppression of star formation by powerful active galactic nuclei

The old, red stars that constitute the bulges of galaxies, and the massive black holes at their centres, are the relics of a period in cosmic history when galaxies formed stars at remarkable rates and active galactic nuclei (AGN) shone brightly as a result of accretion onto black holes. It is widely suspected, but unproved, that the tight correlation between the mass of the black hole and the mass of the stellar bulge results from the AGN quenching the surrounding star formation as it approaches its peak luminosity. X-rays trace emission from AGN unambiguously, whereas powerful star-forming galaxies are usually dust-obscured and are brightest at infrared and submillimetre wavelengths. Here we report submillimetre and X-ray observations that show that rapid star formation was common in the host galaxies of AGN when the Universe was 2-6 billion years old, but that the most vigorous star formation is not observed around black holes above an X-ray luminosity of 10(44) ergs per second. This suppression of star formation in the host galaxy of a powerful AGN is a key prediction of models in which the AGN drives an outflow, expelling the interstellar medium of its host and transforming the galaxy's properties in a brief period of cosmic time.