成岩作用对致密砂岩储层储集性的控制作用研究--以川西新场气田上沙溪庙组气藏为例

在新场气田上沙溪庙组气藏储层宏观沉积特征研究的基础上,采用岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及Ｘ射线衍射等方法,对该气藏储层的成岩作用及其对储集性的影响进行了深入系统的探讨。总结出了晚成岩Ｂ期的溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙是与烃类气体运移相匹配的,是天然气聚集的主要储集空间;而中晚期的方解石胶结则是形成成岩封闭的关键。据此,结合储层渗透率的差异将上沙溪庙储层划分为４种类型的储渗体,其中相对高渗透体和低渗透体两种类型最具开发前景。     

Study on Behavior Model in Open Architecture CNC System

Since a CNC controller has different real-time require-ments in difference levels,proper methods for dynamicmodeling must be employed when a CNC controller isdesigned.Based on behavior model in this paper,a newdynamic modeling method is given and used to analyzethe life cycle of application objects and their interactionsin an open architecture CNC controller modeling.Be-sides,the paper develop a solution how to realize recon-figurable structures in CNC systems and seamless con-nection between fuuction modules and system.     

国家创新体系的社会运行范式

国家创新体系作为一个知识流动的网络,其合理社会运行是以体系中所有要素的协作为基础的。体系内部的联系,以及它在知识与技术扩散方面的能力,影响着企业和整个经济的创新绩效。一切新的社会或科学模式的成功运行,一定包含着全新的范式理念在其中。本文试图找寻国家创新体系构建和运行中的社会行为范式,以此来深入了解整个创新体系的共同的原则。     

Internet与intranet的译名讨论

Internet与internet的中文推荐名已于一年前被定为因特网(97.X.2)与互联网(97.X.1),intranet与extranet已定名为内联网(98.X.1)与外联网(98.X.2),这些推荐名在大多数报刊和媒体上已得到广泛的采用,但旧有的习惯译名仍不时被沿用,特别常见的是：称Internet为互联网,称intranet为企业网。为此,目前对Internet与intranet两名词的译名问题仍有讨论的必要。一、不宜将Internet译为“互联网”Internet的许多译名中除音译名外,所有的意译名无非在“国际”“全球”“电脑”“计算机”“资讯”“交互”“互联”“网络”……这些词语的范围内加以选取和组配,多则9个汉字,少则3个汉字,但无论如何选配均有其不足之处：internet(inter+net,即internetwork的简写)泛指各种互联的计算机网络,其中的Internet是由美国国防部ARPA网演变而来的、采用TCP/IP协议的一种互联网,而Novell网则是采用SPX/IPX网络互联协议的另一种互联网。因此,internet为泛指性普通名词,而Internet为专指性专有名词,其区别在于其英文名的第一字母是否大写。W.Stallings 在其1998年的新著《High-Speed Networks; TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles》中阐述internetworking时说：“The most important example of an internet is referred to simply as Internet.”(互联网最重要之例即为因特网。)(见该书p.35,554)internet已被定名为互联网,如果再将Internet也定名为互联网,则这两个“互联网”就混淆难分。试用以下的文句来描述Internet：“互联网(Internet)是采用TCP/IP协议的一种互联网(internet)”,如果抽去括弧中所注的外文,则阅者必将对这段文句的逻辑性发生怀疑。如改为：“因特网是采用TCP/IP协议的一种互联网”则概念就十分清楚了。Inter指“互”,并非“International”的缩写,因而并无“国际”或“全球”之含义;国际性的计算机网络有多种,而Internet并非计算机网络中唯一的国际性互联网络,尽管Internet的TCP/IP协议已成为事实上的标准(de facto standard),但不是法定的标准(de jure standard),何况这“国际”二字并未得到许多欧洲国家的承认。国外公司名称及其产品名称往往不可意译,例如美国3M公司的全名为Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.如按原义译出,不但冗长,而且令人误解为该公司当前的产品是矿山机械;Motorola的原义为“汽车音乐”(英语Motor+希腊语rola,该公司原以制造电子管式汽车收音机而起家);著名的夏威夷地区分组交换网取名为ALOHA网,有一种解释说,ALOHA是缩略词,其全文为“Additive Links On-line Hawaii Area”,但Aloha原是夏威夷本土语汇中的“欢迎”,此外,美国夏威夷州又有“The Aloha State”这一绰号,因而在中文辞书和文献中一般只能将ALOHA网译为“阿罗哈网”;Sprint原义为Special Police Radio Inquire Network,Southern Pacific Communications switched long distance service,如按原义逐字译出,不免成为画蛇添足之举,由此可见在有的情况下音译胜于意译。Internet虽非公司或单位名,但现已有Internet Architecture Board (Internet体系结构委员会),Internet Engineering Task Force (Internet工程特别工作组)等组织机构,这些组织机构所从事的是与Internet(因特网)有关的工作,但并不是所有各种internet(互联网)的工作。Internet发展虽给信息社会带来一场革命,但也存在网络拥塞、安全保密性差等问题,目前已在研究Internet 2(第二号因特网),也许若干年后还将出现另一种比Internet 2 性能更好的,但以其他新名称命名的新型互联网,因而“互联网”的名称只能用为泛指性的普通名词而不能用为专指性的专有名词。为此,Internet的译名宜按ALOHA network,ARPANET,Sprintnet,Telenet,Tymnet等例采用“音+意”的方法订名为“因特网”,在科技书刊中也可直接引用英文原文。二、不宜将intranet译为“企业网”首先应明确intranet的拼写问题,也就是应明确intranet究竟是普通名词还是专有名词的问题,这将有助于探讨intranet的命名。与Internet、internet的情况有所不同,intranet的第一字母无论用大写字母I或小写字母i均为普通泛指性名词而非专有名词。因此,应当以intranet(及extranet)作为正规的拼写形式,在文章的标题、句首,以及句子内容中需突出强调上述名词时,可以将其第一字母大写,但他们的概念相同,应理解为：Intranet=intranet。目前国内许多报刊常不分场合地在全文中一律采用Intranet的排印形式,作为突出主题、着重介绍新词,这种排印方式未可厚非,但在词汇表、辞典等工具书中以及标准化文献中应排印为intranet及extranet。现举W.Stallings 《High-Speed Networks：TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles》书中对intranet所给的定义为例：“Intranet： A corporate internet that provides the key Internet applications,especially the World Wide Web.An intranet operates within the organization for internal purposes and can exsist as an isolated,self-contained internet,or may have links to the Internet.”(p.35,554)。此外,国外期刊对intranet和Internet的理解及其排印形式也是如此：“…across an intranet or the Internet…”(“Going Public with Voice over IP”,《Telecom Asia》,Vol.,No.10,October 1997,p.48)。由此可见,①当intranet与Internet两名词并举时,前者第一字母用小写,而后者第一字母用大写;②intranet前面用不定冠词an,而Internet前面用定冠词the,表明前者为普通名词,后者为专有名词。国外新出版的各有关Intranet及TCP/IP等书籍中也均如此排印。目前国内外出版的中文报刊中常用“企业网”作为intranet的简名。但在电信名词中原已有corporate enterprise network(有时简称为corporate network或enterprise network)如再将intranet称为“企业网”,将造成混淆。在上述《Telecom Asia》的同一卷期中,其46页有这样的句子：“…to be transmitted over corporate enterprise networks,intranets,and the Internet.”由此可见：①企业网与intranet是两种不同类型的网;②原文中的intranets用复数(可以有多种不同形式的intranet),而Internet却用单数(专指的,独一的)。在所引用的原文中,intranet之前原省略了corporate,这是科技英语中常见的惯例,如果原文的著者不用省略的文体而采用完整的表达形式,则原文应成为“…to be transmitted over corporate enterprise networks,(corporate) intranets,and the Internet.”在该文正文旁的内容提要之末有这样一段：“…VoIP on the corporate intranet.”足以说明原文中所用的术语为：①corporate enterprise network企业网,有时被简称为corporate network,也有时被简称为enterprise network; ②corporate intranet企业内部(互联)网,通常被简化为intranet。从以上的说明中可以得出这样的几点结论：①intranet和internet都是普通名词,而Internet是专有名词;②企业内部互联网的全名为corporate intranet,通常被简称为intranet;③intranet虽采用Internet技术,但Internet是专有名词(专指的,独一的),而intranet是普通名词(可以有多种不同形式的intranet),不能认为是企事业单位内部的“因特网”,因而应采用内联网或内部互联网的名称。     

Y型分叉碳纳米管的研究

Y型结构碳纳米管几何结构独特,具有典型的应用价值,可作为网络状增强组分应用于高性能复合材料中,在三极管纳米电子器件等领域发挥作用,因此引起众多研究者的关注.用电弧法制备了Y型碳纳米管,研究了它的形成机理和制备工艺参数,并利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和电子能谱(EDS)考察了它们的形貌和结构特征.研究结果显示,Y型碳管在其拐点处存在催化剂粒子,由于催化剂的作用,在体系内产生了七元环拓扑缺陷,进而形成Y型分叉结构.Y型碳管结构的形态与制备参数有关,催化剂含量愈高,形成Y型和其它奇异结构碳管愈多.     

后注浆静压复合桩在复杂运营供水结构加固中的应用

为解决既有建构筑物地基基础加固工程所面临的施工条件有限、工期紧张以及沉降控制严格等问题,基于南京某复杂运营供水结构加固工程,提出了一种后注浆静压复合桩(PSCP)加固技术.采用数值分析的方法,结合现场观测数据,对加固过程和长期沉降进行评价,并对比分析了桩长、桩径、反力梁高度等参数对加固效果的影响.结果表明:PSCP桩具...     

Life extension through neurofibromin mitochondrial regulation and antioxidant therapy for neurofibromatosis-1 in Drosophila melanogaster

We investigated the pathophysiology of neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) in Drosophila melanogaster by inactivation or overexpression of the NF1 gene. NF1 gene mutants had shortened life spans and increased vulnerability to heat and oxidative stress in association with reduced mitochondrial respiration and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Flies overexpressing NF1 had increased life spans, improved reproductive fitness, increased resistance to oxidative and heat stress in association with increased mitochondrial respiration and a 60% reduction in ROS production. These phenotypic effects proved to be modulated by the adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A pathway, not the Ras/Raf pathway. Treatment of wild-type D. melanogaster with cAMP analogs increased their life span, and treatment of NF1 mutants with metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidant compounds restored their life span. Thus, neurofibromin regulates longevity and stress resistance through cAMP regulation of mitochondrial respiration and ROS production, and NF1 may be treatable using catalytic antioxidants.     

PTEN-deficient intestinal stem cells initiate intestinal polyposis

Intestinal polyposis, a precancerous neoplasia, results primarily from an abnormal increase in the number of crypts, which contain intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In mice, widespread deletion of the tumor suppressor Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) generates hamartomatous intestinal polyps with epithelial and stromal involvement. Using this model, we have established the relationship between stem cells and polyp and tumor formation. PTEN helps govern the proliferation rate and number of ISCs and loss of PTEN results in an excess of ISCs. In PTEN-deficient mice, excess ISCs initiate de novo crypt formation and crypt fission, recapitulating crypt production in fetal and neonatal intestine. The PTEN-Akt pathway probably governs stem cell activation by helping control nuclear localization of the Wnt pathway effector beta-catenin. Akt phosphorylates beta-catenin at Ser552, resulting in a nuclear-localized form in ISCs. Our observations show that intestinal polyposis is initiated by PTEN-deficient ISCs that undergo excessive proliferation driven by Akt activation and nuclear localization of beta-catenin.     

Ecological Water Requirement Estimates for Typical Areas in the Huaihe Basin

Aquatic ecosystems require ecological water allocation to prevent from being damaged by natural disasters and undue exploitation. This paper discusses and estimates the ecological water requirements （EWRs） of typical areas in the Huaihe Basin to determine rational allocations of water resources and pro- mote regional improvements of the ecological environment. The main river course, including Hongze Lake and Nansi Lake, was selected as the study subject. Calculational methods for the river and lake EWRs were based on the reasonableness of the results and data availability. The monthly guarantee rate method was used to calculate monthly, flood period, non-flood period, and annual EWRs for the main river course and the main tributaries at two different guarantee rates. The minimum water level method was used to calculate annual EWRs for Hongze Lake and the upper and lower Nansi Lake of 1.521×10^9 m^3, 0.637×10^9 m^3, and 0.306×10^9 m^3. The results were used to evaluate the rationality of the quantity of water resources allocated to ecological uses in the Huaihe Basin during 1998-2003. The result shows that the present water resource allocations in the Huaihe Basin cannot satisfy the basic ecological requirements for some years, especially years with less precipitation.     

术语的命名有损于汉语环境吗？

术语的命名应与汉语环境相适应乃国人之共识,原无可非议.但制定科技术语除应考虑其与汉语环境相适外,还应遵循科学性、系统性、单义性、国际性、简明性、习惯性(约定俗成)等多项原则,此外还应考虑到修辞、音节等各个方面,如果片面强调其中之一而不顾其他,必将局限于一隅而忽视全局,给科技术语工作带来不利.<术语命名须应对汉语环境>[1](以下简称<汉语环境>)一文中对防火墙、以太网等术语提出的异议恰好表明了该文中的众多论点是不够全面的.