多元零次有理插值的存在条件及算法

用构造性代数几何工具, 研究由 R^d中一组给定节点的信息构造节点子集上的多元零次有理插值函数, 给出了插值函数的存在条件及相应算法.     

改善供应链库存管理绩效的系统思考——以啤酒游戏为例

运用基于系统动力学的动态研究的方法,以啤酒游戏为例,从动态复杂性的视角,探讨了改善供应链库存管理绩效的影响因素和解决方案。认为"系统结构""控制策略"和"控制参数"是影响供应链库存管理绩效的3类要素,提出了调整订货周期匹配订货提前期的"结构性解决方案"、基于考虑已发出订单和在途货物量的"策略性解决方案"和基于参数控制的"操作性解决方案"。并且,通过系统仿真分析和人工试验,研究了这3类要素在集中控制和分散控制模式下对库存绩效的影响。结果表明,这3类解决方案在集中控制模式下的有效性依次递增,而在分散控制模式下的有效性依次递减。该结果展示了多级供应链库存系统的动态复杂性,以及系统思考在处理动态复杂性方面的重要性和有效性。     

消失模铸造AZ91镁合金材料特性

对消失模铸造AZ91镁合金的表面成分进行了测定和分析,研究表明,在消失模铸造镁合金表面形成了复杂的MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-无定型C粒子等组成的薄膜.由于该薄膜的存在,铸件的耐腐蚀能力与普通重力铸造或其他铸造方法得到的镁合金铸件相比有较大提高.同时对消失模铸造镁合金的力学性能的变化进行了研究,发现消失模铸造条件下的AZ91镁合金拉伸性能比金属型、石墨型铸造的低,比树脂砂型的略高.并通过进行热处理强化,消失模铸造镁合金的抗拉强度、硬度和延伸率大大提高,其中高温时效对于提高合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度及加工硬化率非常有效.     

Differentiated cells are more efficient than adult stem cells for cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Since the creation of Dolly via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), more than a dozen species of mammals have been cloned using this technology. One hypothesis for the limited success of cloning via SCNT (1%-5%) is that the clones are likely to be derived from adult stem cells. Support for this hypothesis comes from the findings that the reproductive cloning efficiency for embryonic stem cells is five to ten times higher than that for somatic cells as donors and that cloned pups cannot be produced directly from cloned embryos derived from differentiated B and T cells or neuronal cells. The question remains as to whether SCNT-derived animal clones can be derived from truly differentiated somatic cells. We tested this hypothesis with mouse hematopoietic cells at different differentiation stages: hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells and granulocytes. We found that cloning efficiency increases over the differentiation hierarchy, and terminally differentiated postmitotic granulocytes yield cloned pups with the greatest cloning efficiency.     

The Pristionchus pacificus genome provides a unique perspective on nematode lifestyle and parasitism

Here we present a draft genome sequence of the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, a species that is associated with beetles and is used as a model system in evolutionary biology. With 169 Mb and 23,500 predicted protein-coding genes, the P. pacificus genome is larger than those of Caenorhabditis elegans and the human parasite Brugia malayi. Compared to C. elegans, the P. pacificus genome has more genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes, glucosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and ABC transporters, many of which were experimentally validated. The P. pacificus genome contains genes encoding cellulase and diapausin, and cellulase activity is found in P. pacificus secretions, indicating that cellulases can be found in nematodes beyond plant parasites. The relatively higher number of detoxification and degradation enzymes in P. pacificus is consistent with its necromenic lifestyle and might represent a preadaptation for parasitism. Thus, comparative genomics analysis of three ecologically distinct nematodes offers a unique opportunity to investigate the association between genome structure and lifestyle.     

柴油机燃用生物柴油燃烧与排放

研究了柴油机燃用0号柴油和生物柴油的燃烧放热规律．通过对燃烧特征参数的计算分析,发现生物柴油的燃烧始点有所提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧初期放热尖峰出现时刻对应的曲轴转角有所提前,瞬时放热率峰值下降;燃烧持续期延长．同时还比较了柴油机燃用生物柴油和0号柴油的经济性和排放特性,发现燃油消耗率增加12％,而各种排放污染物除NOx略有上升外,CO、HC和颗粒物PM均显著下降．     

协同多点传输中迫零预编码和天线选择技术

MIMO无线传输技术极大地提高了系统的容量,在实际通信系统中,整个网络是一个干扰受限的系统,小区间干扰对MIMO系统传输的影响是显著的,每个相邻小区的基站天线都可以看成一个干扰源．由于基站端数据处理能力的提升和回程容量的增加,多个小区协同多点传输技术引起了人们的广泛关注．目前的大部分工作都是集中于研究系统的容量（吞吐量）,而在实际系统中,每个用户的接收等效信噪比（即公平性）对系统的性能如误帧率等有重要的影响．对于每个用户为单天线的情形,研究了总功率受限和每天线功率受限下采用迫零预编码的系统容量和公平性．对两种功率约束条件下的公平性进行了分析,得到了公平性算法的闭式表达式．当每个用户为多天线的情形,为了降低计算的复杂度,引入了信道范数最大的接收天线选择算法,把每个用户为多天线的情形转化成等效的每个用户单天线情形,推导的每用户为单天线的公平性算法仍然适用．仿真结果显示,采用迫零预编码的多小区协作可以使系统性能显著提升．在相同的迫零预编码下,不同的功率分配策略对系统的容量和公平性有显著的影响．和用户为单天线相比,采用天线选择算法可以提升系统的容量和公平性．考虑了用户公平性时的吞吐量和最大系统吞吐量之间的折中关系,并给出了仿真结果．     

Maize HapMap2 identifies extant variation from a genome in flux

Whereas breeders have exploited diversity in maize for yield improvements, there has been limited progress in using beneficial alleles in undomesticated varieties. Characterizing standing variation in this complex genome has been challenging, with only a small fraction of it described to date. Using a population genetics scoring model, we identified 55 million SNPs in 103 lines across pre-domestication and domesticated Zea mays varieties, including a representative from the sister genus Tripsacum. We find that structural variations are pervasive in the Z. mays genome and are enriched at loci associated with important traits. By investigating the drivers of genome size variation, we find that the larger Tripsacum genome can be explained by transposable element abundance rather than an allopolyploid origin. In contrast, intraspecies genome size variation seems to be controlled by chromosomal knob content. There is tremendous overlap in key gene content in maize and Tripsacum, suggesting that adaptations from Tripsacum (for example, perennialism and frost and drought tolerance) can likely be integrated into maize.     

A genetic interaction network of five genes for human polycystic kidney and liver diseases defines polycystin-1 as the central determinant of cyst formation

Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease results from mutations in PRKCSH or SEC63. The respective gene products, glucosidase IIβ and SEC63p, function in protein translocation and quality control pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we show that glucosidase IIβ and Sec63p are required in mice for adequate expression of a functional complex of the polycystic kidney disease gene products, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2. We find that polycystin-1 is the rate-limiting component of this complex and that there is a dose-response relationship between cystic dilation and levels of functional polycystin-1 following mutation of Prkcsh or Sec63. Reduced expression of polycystin-1 also serves to sensitize the kidney to cyst formation resulting from mutations in Pkhd1, the recessive polycystic kidney disease gene. Finally, we show that proteasome inhibition increases steady-state levels of polycystin-1 in cells lacking glucosidase IIβ and that treatment with a proteasome inhibitor reduces cystic disease in orthologous gene models of human autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease.     

Genome-wide association study of leaf architecture in the maize nested association mapping population

US maize yield has increased eight-fold in the past 80 years, with half of the gain attributed to selection by breeders. During this time, changes in maize leaf angle and size have altered plant architecture, allowing more efficient light capture as planting density has increased. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the maize nested association mapping panel, we determined the genetic basis of important leaf architecture traits and identified some of the key genes. Overall, we demonstrate that the genetic architecture of the leaf traits is dominated by small effects, with little epistasis, environmental interaction or pleiotropy. In particular, GWAS results show that variations at the liguleless genes have contributed to more upright leaves. These results demonstrate that the use of GWAS with specially designed mapping populations is effective in uncovering the basis of key agronomic traits.