全文获取类型
收费全文 | 272篇 |
免费 | 1篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
教育与普及 | 3篇 |
理论与方法论 | 2篇 |
现状及发展 | 72篇 |
研究方法 | 25篇 |
综合类 | 160篇 |
自然研究 | 12篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 1篇 |
2013年 | 3篇 |
2012年 | 24篇 |
2011年 | 20篇 |
2010年 | 4篇 |
2009年 | 1篇 |
2008年 | 10篇 |
2007年 | 9篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 7篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 8篇 |
2002年 | 11篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1970年 | 8篇 |
1969年 | 10篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 14篇 |
1966年 | 4篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 2篇 |
1948年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有274条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
One of the central challenges of evolutionary biology is to understand how coevolution organizes biodiversity over complex geographic landscapes. Most species are collections of genetically differentiated populations, and these populations have the potential to become adapted to their local environments in different ways. The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution incorporates this idea by proposing that spatial variation in natural selection and gene flow across a landscape can shape local coevolutionary dynamics. These effects may be particularly strong when populations differ across productivity gradients, where gene flow will often be asymmetric among populations. Conclusive empirical tests of this theory have been particularly difficult to perform because they require knowledge of patterns of gene flow, historical population relationships and local selection pressures. We have tested these predictions empirically using a model community of bacteria and bacteriophage (viral parasitoids of bacteria). We show that gene flow across a spatially structured landscape alters coevolution of parasitoids and their hosts and that the resulting patterns of adaptation can fluctuate in both space and time. 相似文献
12.
13.
14.
Meijers-Heijboer H van den Ouweland A Klijn J Wasielewski M de Snoo A Oldenburg R Hollestelle A Houben M Crepin E van Veghel-Plandsoen M Elstrodt F van Duijn C Bartels C Meijers C Schutte M McGuffog L Thompson D Easton D Sodha N Seal S Barfoot R Mangion J Chang-Claude J Eccles D Eeles R Evans DG Houlston R Murday V Narod S Peretz T Peto J Phelan C Zhang HX Szabo C Devilee P Goldgar D Futreal PA Nathanson KL Weber B Rahman N Stratton MR;CHEK-Breast Cancer Consortium 《Nature genetics》2002,31(1):55-59
Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 confer a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer, but account for only a small fraction of breast cancer susceptibility. To find additional genes conferring susceptibility to breast cancer, we analyzed CHEK2 (also known as CHK2), which encodes a cell-cycle checkpoint kinase that is implicated in DNA repair processes involving BRCA1 and p53 (refs 3,4,5). We show that CHEK2(*)1100delC, a truncating variant that abrogates the kinase activity, has a frequency of 1.1% in healthy individuals. However, this variant is present in 5.1% of individuals with breast cancer from 718 families that do not carry mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (P = 0.00000003), including 13.5% of individuals from families with male breast cancer (P = 0.00015). We estimate that the CHEK2(*)1100delC variant results in an approximately twofold increase of breast cancer risk in women and a tenfold increase of risk in men. By contrast, the variant confers no increased cancer risk in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. This suggests that the biological mechanisms underlying the elevated risk of breast cancer in CHEK2 mutation carriers are already subverted in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, which is consistent with participation of the encoded proteins in the same pathway. 相似文献
15.
Areas of exploration for new hydrocarbons are changing as the hydrocarbon industry seeks new resources for economic and political reasons. Attention has turned from easily accessible onshore regions such as the Middle East to offshore continental shelves. Over the past ten years, there has been a marked shift towards deep-water continental margins (500-2,500 m below sea level). In these more hostile regions, the risk and cost of exploration is higher, but the prize is potentially enormous. The key to these endeavours is a quantitative understanding of the structure and evolution of the thinned crust and lithosphere that underlie these margins. 相似文献
16.
Signal transduction mechanisms in plants: an overview 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This article provides an overview on recent advances in some of the basic signalling mechanisms that participate in a wide variety of stimulus-response pathways. The mechanisms include calcium-based signalling, G-protein-mediated-signalling and signalling involving inositol phospholipids, with discussion on the role of protein kinases and phosphatases interspersed. As a further defining feature, the article highlights recent exciting findings on three extracellular components that have not been given coverage in previous reviews of signal transduction in plants, extracellular calmodulin, extracellular ATP, and integrin-like receptors, all of which affect plant growth and development. 相似文献
17.
18.
NO is necessary and sufficient for egg activation at fertilization 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Kuo RC Baxter GT Thompson SH Stricker SA Patton C Bonaventura J Epel D 《Nature》2000,406(6796):633-636
The early steps that lead to the rise in calcium and egg activation at fertilization are unknown but of great interest--particularly with the advent of in vitro fertilization techniques for treating male infertility and whole-animal cloning by nuclear transfer. This calcium rise is required for egg activation and the subsequent events of development in eggs of all species. Injection of intact sperm or sperm extracts can activate eggs, suggesting that sperm-derived factors may be involved. Here we show that nitric oxide synthase is present at high concentration and active in sperm after activation by the acrosome reaction. An increase in nitrosation within eggs is evident seconds after insemination and precedes the calcium pulse of fertilization. Microinjection of nitric oxide donors or recombinant nitric oxide synthase recapitulates events of egg activation, whereas prior injection of oxyhaemoglobin, a physiological nitric oxide scavenger, prevents egg activation after fertilization. We conclude that nitric oxide synthase and nitric-oxide-related bioactivity satisfy the primary criteria of an egg activator: they are present in an appropriate place, active at an appropriate time, and are necessary and sufficient for successful fertilization. 相似文献
19.
20.
Organophosphate-mediated inhibition of choline acetyltransferase activity in rat brain tissue 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Administration of the organophosphate compound soman in rats resulted in an inhibition of choline acetyltransferase activity in almost all brain regions examined. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 20-50% in various brain regions 30 min after soman injection (94-120 micrograms/kg). Enzyme activity in two regions decreased with time to a near zero level by 3 h after injection. 相似文献