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851.
微观相场法研究Ni75AlxV25-x中D022-Ni3V反位缺陷类型及演化规律发现:D022结构中存在两种类型反位缺陷:VNi和NiV,其中NiV占位几率值远大于VNi,是反位缺陷主要类型;增加Al:V比,析出相由D022单相析出逐渐向D022+L12两相析出转变,反位缺陷VNi与Al:V比无明显响应关系,NiV在第二相L12析出前后呈增大和减小两种截然相反的两种变化趋势;VNi和NiV两种反位缺陷同时具有时间相关性和温度相关性,时间推移,二者均从初始高度反位状态逐渐降低至平衡,温度提高,二者均呈增加趋势;第三组元Al原子同时占据D022结构的α位和β位,且AlNi〉AlV,Al优先占据D022结构α位. 相似文献
852.
Isotopic homogeneity of iron in the early solar nebula. 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
The chemical and isotopic homogeneity of the early solar nebula, and the processes producing fractionation during its evolution, are central issues of cosmochemistry. Studies of the relative abundance variations of three or more isotopes of an element can in principle determine if the initial reservoir of material was a homogeneous mixture or if it contained several distinct sources of precursor material. For example, widespread anomalies observed in the oxygen isotopes of meteorites have been interpreted as resulting from the mixing of a solid phase that was enriched in 16O with a gas phase in which 16O was depleted, or as an isotopic 'memory' of Galactic evolution. In either case, these anomalies are regarded as strong evidence that the early solar nebula was not initially homogeneous. Here we present measurements of the relative abundances of three iron isotopes in meteoritic and terrestrial samples. We show that significant variations of iron isotopes exist in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials. But when plotted in a three-isotope diagram, all of the data for these Solar System materials fall on a single mass-fractionation line, showing that homogenization of iron isotopes occurred in the solar nebula before both planetesimal accretion and chondrule formation. 相似文献
853.
The web of human sexual contacts. 总被引:38,自引:0,他引:38
854.
A defined range of guard cell calcium oscillation parameters encodes stomatal movements. 总被引:59,自引:0,他引:59
G J Allen S P Chu C L Harrington K Schumacher T Hoffmann Y Y Tang E Grill J I Schroeder 《Nature》2001,411(6841):1053-1057
Oscillations in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) are central regulators of signal transduction cascades, although the roles of individual [Ca2+]cyt oscillation parameters in regulating downstream physiological responses remain largely unknown. In plants, guard cells integrate environmental and endogenous signals to regulate the aperture of stomatal pores and [Ca2+]cyt oscillations are a fundamental component of stomatal closure. Here we systematically vary [Ca2+]cyt oscillation parameters in Arabidopsis guard cells using a 'calcium clamp' and show that [Ca2+]cyt controls stomatal closure by two mechanisms. Short-term 'calcium-reactive' closure occurred rapidly when [Ca2+]cyt was elevated, whereas the degree of long-term steady-state closure was 'calcium programmed' by [Ca2+]cyt oscillations within a defined range of frequency, transient number, duration and amplitude. Furthermore, in guard cells of the gca2 mutant, [Ca2+]cyt oscillations induced by abscisic acid and extracellular calcium had increased frequencies and reduced transient duration, and steady-state stomatal closure was abolished. Experimentally imposing [Ca2+]cyt oscillations with parameters that elicited closure in the wild type restored long-term closure in gca2 stomata. These data show that a defined window of guard cell [Ca2+]cyt oscillation parameters programs changes in steady-state stomatal aperture. 相似文献
855.
Mutations in CAV3 cause mechanical hyperirritability of skeletal muscle in rippling muscle disease. 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
R C Betz B G Schoser D Kasper K Ricker A Ramírez V Stein T Torbergsen Y A Lee M M N?then T F Wienker J P Malin P Propping A Reis W Mortier T J Jentsch M Vorgerd C Kubisch 《Nature genetics》2001,28(3):218-219
Hereditary rippling muscle disease (RMD) is an autosomal dominant human disorder characterized by mechanically triggered contractions of skeletal muscle. Genome-wide linkage analysis has identified an RMD locus on chromosome 3p25. We found missense mutations in positional candidate CAV3 (encoding caveolin 3; ref. 5) in all five families analyzed. Mutations in CAV3 have also been described in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C (LGMD1C; refs. 6,7), demonstrating the allelism of dystrophic and non-dystrophic muscle diseases. 相似文献
856.
A MAP kinase-dependent actin checkpoint ensures proper spindle orientation in fission yeast. 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
The accurate segregation of chromosomes at mitosis depends on a correctly assembled bipolar spindle that exerts balanced forces on each sister chromatid. The integrity of mitotic chromosome segregation is ensured by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that delays mitosis in response to defective spindle organisation or failure of chromosome attachment. Here we describe a distinct mitotic checkpoint in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that monitors the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and delays sister chromatid separation, spindle elongation and cytokinesis until spindle poles have been properly oriented. This mitotic delay is imposed by a stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway but is independent of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). 相似文献
857.
The K+ selectivity filter catalyses the dehydration, transfer and rehydration of a K+ ion in about ten nanoseconds. This physical process is central to the production of electrical signals in biology. Here we show how nearly diffusion-limited rates are achieved, by analysing ion conduction and the corresponding crystallographic ion distribution in the selectivity filter of the KcsA K+ channel. Measurements with K+ and its slightly larger analogue, Rb+, lead us to conclude that the selectivity filter usually contains two K+ ions separated by one water molecule. The two ions move in a concerted fashion between two configurations, K+-water-K+-water (1,3 configuration) and water-K+-water-K+ (2,4 configuration), until a third ion enters, displacing the ion on the opposite side of the queue. For K+, the energy difference between the 1,3 and 2,4 configurations is close to zero, the condition of maximum conduction rate. The energetic balance between these configurations is a clear example of evolutionary optimization of protein function. 相似文献
858.
Striped iron zoning of olivine induced by dislocation creep in deformed peridotites. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Deformation of solid materials affects not only their microstructures, but also their microchemistries. Although chemical unmixing of initially homogeneous multicomponent solids is known to occur during deformation by diffusion creep, there has been no report on their chemical zoning due to deformation by dislocation creep, in either natural samples or laboratory experiments. Here we report striped iron zoning of olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) in deformed peridotites, where the iron concentration increases at subgrain boundaries composed of edge dislocations. We infer that this zoning is probably formed by alignment of edge dislocations dragging a so-called Cottrell 'atmosphere' of solute atoms (iron in this case) into subgrain boundaries during deformation of the olivine by dislocation creep. We have found that the iron zoning does not develop in laboratory experiments of high strain rates where dislocations move too fast to drag the Cottrell atmosphere. This phenomenon might have important implications for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes, as transformation of olivine to high-pressure phases preferentially occurs in high-iron regions, and therefore along subgrain boundaries which would be preferentially aligned in plastically deformed mantle peridotites. 相似文献
859.
Primary structure of alpha-subunit precursor of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor deduced from cDNA sequence 总被引:65,自引:0,他引:65
M Noda H Takahashi T Tanabe M Toyosato Y Furutani T Hirose M Asai S Inayama T Miyata S Numa 《Nature》1982,299(5886):793-797
DNA sequences complementary to the Torpedo californica electroplax mRNA coding for the alpha-subunit precursor of the acetylcholine receptor were cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned cDNA indicates that the precursor consists of 461 amino acids including a prepeptide of 24 amino acids. Possible sites for acetylcholine binding and antigenic determinants on the alpha-subunit molecule are discussed. 相似文献
860.
为表达HIV-1复合多表位基因并制备其多克隆抗体.设计引物,以HIV-1标准株全长cDNA序列为模板,PCR扩增获得p24基因片段;合成改造后的多个表位基因MEG并且与p24片段相连接,克隆入大肠杆菌.将测序正确的p24MEG基因克隆入原核表达载体pET32a并诱导表达.采用Ni2 -NTA亲和柱纯化目的蛋白,以p24抗体对纯化蛋白进行Western-blot分析.将纯化的融合蛋白免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体.通过PCR成功获得长度为651 bp的HIV-1的p24片段,获得了与多表位基因连接后的p24MEG基因,通过诱导表达,显示在相对分子量约45 000处有预计大小的特异性条带,表明成功表达出融合蛋白.经此纯化的融合蛋白免疫的家兔能产生特异性抗体,其滴度达到1:3 200.纯化的融合蛋白和多克隆抗体为研究新型HIV疫苗奠定一定的理论和实践基础. 相似文献