谈地理课的兴趣培养

本文从地理科学知识的角度,提出了学习兴趣在教学过程中的动力问题,并从心理学角度提出了解决的办法,为怎样学好地理科学知识提出了理论性的探讨。     

硝酸铁催化热解桉木制备半焦及其反应性研究

【目的】生物质热解可生成生物半焦及生物油,生物半焦可进一步气化生成高附加值的含氢的合成气,但生物半焦的反应性对气化反应有着重要的影响,研究Fe(NO_3)_3在热解过程中对桉木半焦反应性的影响对制备高反应性生物半焦有重要意义。【方法】通过浸渍法将桉木负载不同浓度的Fe(NO_3)_3溶液中,考察Fe~(3+)催化对热解半焦燃烧反应性的影响。【结果】Fe(NO_3)_3催化可明显提高桉木热解半焦的反应性,随着Fe(NO_3)_3浓度由0.17 mol·L~(-1)增加到0.35 mol·L~(-1),半焦的反应性由0.03 min~(-1)增加到0.06 min~(-1),其Laman散射峰强度增大,半焦结构的d_(002)间距由催化前的0.341 nm增至0.382 nm。热解温度由600℃升到800℃时,半焦的反应性下降。【结论】采用硝酸铁催化热解桉木粉可制备出高反应性桉木半焦,450℃下测定的半焦与O_2的燃烧反应活性增大,随着热解温度升高,桉木半焦的反应性下降。     

A Generic TC-Based Method to Find the Weakness in Different Phases of Masking Schemes

Masking is one of the most commonly used Side-Channel Attack(SCA) countermeasures and is built on a security framework, such as the ISW framework, and ensures theoretical security through secret sharing.Unfortunately, the theoretical security cannot guarantee practical security, because several possible weaknesses may exist in the actual implementation. These weaknesses likely come from the masking schemes or are introduced by the implementation methods. Finding the possible weakness of the masking scheme is an interesting and important issue for real applications. In this paper, the possible weaknesses for masking schemes in FieldProgrammable Gate Array(FPGA) design are discussed. It was found that the combinational circuit is the key to the security of masking schemes. The Toggle Count(TC) method and its extension are utilized to evaluate the security of masking schemes in the design phase and the implementation phase separately. Comparing different logic-level simulators for the Xilinx FPGA platform, the behavioral and post-translate simulations are considered as the analysis method in the design phase, while the post-map and the post-route simulations are used to find the weakness during the implementation phase. Moreover, a Standard Delay Format(SDF) based improvement scheme is proposed to significantly increase the effectiveness of the TC model.     

Shear-thickening behavior of Fe-ZSM5 zeolite slurry and its removal with alumina/boehmites

A cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) technique was used to explore the shear-thickening behavior of Fe-ZSM5 zeolite pastes and to discover its underlying mechanism. Bare Fe-ZSM5 zeolite samples were found to contain agglomerations, which may break the flow of the pastes and cause shear-thickening behaviors. However, the shear-thickening behaviors can be eliminated by the addition of halloysite and various boehmites because of improved particle packing. Furthermore, compared with pure Fe-ZSM5 zeolite samples and its composite samples with halloysite, the samples with boehmite (Pural SB or Disperal) additions exhibited network structures in their cryo-SEM images; these structures could facilitate the storage and release of flow water, smooth paste flow, and avoid shear-thickening. By contrast, another boehmite (Versal 250) formed agglomerations rather than network structures after being added to the Fe-ZSM5 zeolite paste and resulted in shear-thickening behavior. Consequently, the results suggest that these network structures play key roles in eliminating the shear-thickening behavior.     

面向产品投产比例的多Hoist调度研究

在电镀生产线上,多种不同类型的工件往往按照一定的比例关系组织生产,以应对多样化的订单需求,缩短订单交付周期,而为了克服由运输设备造成的生产瓶颈,加工设备之间的工件转运作业多采用数个自动化的Hoist(行车)来完成。针对面向产品投产比例的多Hoist调度问题,采用启发式策略实现多个不同类型工件在并行工作站上的分配,同时考虑工件加工时间窗口约束、工作站的使用能力约束以及Hoist无碰撞约束,构建了解决此类问题的混合整数规划模型。最后,以某印刷电路板制造企业的全板电镀生产实例验证了所建数学模型的实际应用价值。     

Corrosion behavior of high-strength spring steel for high-speed railway

The corrosion resistance and evolution of corrosion products in medium-carbon high-strength spring steels were investigated in a neutral salt spray (5wt% NaCl solution). A formation model of γ-FeOOH and a transformation model describing the conversion of γ-FeOOH to α-FeOOH were constructed. The results indicated that, at the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was gradually improved with the addition of Cr; however, with the addition of alloying element V, the corrosion resistance decreased. These results were attributed mainly to the initial corrosion stage being closely related to the matrix microstructure parameters such as grain-boundary character and dislocation density. After the rust layer was formed at a later corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was reinforced with the addition of Cr and V because Cr strongly influenced the composition, structure, and morphology of the corrosion products. The results presented herein show that Cr was conducive to the transformation of γ-FeOOH into α-FeOOH. Moreover, V and Cr exhibited obvious synergy and were enriched in the inner layer of the corrosion products.     

Effect of minor Sc on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy

The as-cast and heat-treated microstructures and mechanical properties of the AZ91 magnesium alloys with and without minor Sc addition were investigated and compared in this paper. The results indicated that adding0.15–0.45 wt% Sc to the as-cast AZ91 alloy not only could modify and refine the Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase but also suppress the formation of the Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase. At the same time, the grains of the Sc-containing as-cast AZ91 alloys were also effectively refined. As a result, the mechanical properties at room temperature(RT) for the Sccontaining as-cast AZ91 alloys were effectively improved. In addition, adding 0.15–0.45 wt%Sc to the AZ91 alloy promoted the formation of the continuous precipitates(CP) during the aging treatment in spite of that the formation of the discontinuous precipitates(DP) was simultaneously suppressed. Accordingly, the Sc-containing as-aged AZ91 alloys obtained the relatively higher mechanical properties at RT than the as-aged AZ91 alloy.     

Influence of minor boron on the microstructures of a second generation Nibased single crystal superalloy

Boron is added into single crystal superalloys as a micro-alloying element to strengthen low angle grain boundaries.However,systematic investigations on the effect of boron on microstructures of single crystal superalloys are limitedly reported.The effect of boron on as-cast and heat-treated microstructures was investigated in two experimental Ni-based single crystal superalloys containing 3 wt% Re.The current results indicated that the volume fraction of(γ+γ′)eutectic and M_3B_2 borides was evidently increased,while the number of micropores was evidently decreased with the addition of 0.02 wt% boron.The(γ+γ′)eutectic could not be dissolved completely due to the lower incipient melting temperature caused by the formation of M_3B_2 borides.Meanwhile,the M_3B_2 borides were found to be enriched with indispensable strengthening elements Cr,Mo,W and Re,and this may lower the strengthening effect and cause stress concentration during high temperature creep.     

Mechanical characterization and strain-rate sensitivity measurement of Ti- 7333 alloy based on nanoindentation and crystal plasticity modeling

The relationship between crystal orientations and meso-mechanical properties of β phase Ti-7333 titanium was investigated through the combination of nanoindentation experiments and simulation. The crystal plasticity finite element(CPFE) model for nanoindentation of single body-centered cubic crystal was established based on the experimental data. And the crystal plasticity constitutive law was implemented to simulate the nanoindentation process, obtaining satisfied results with an acceptable error. From the simulated pileup morphology patterns with different crystal orientations, it was found that the β phase experienced a symmetrical and orientation-related deformation process. Meanwhile, the strain-rate sensitivity(SRS) of β phase was investigated through nanoindentation tests based on continuous stiffness measurement(CSM) under different strain rates,varying between 0.2, 0.05 and 0.01 s~(-1). Two grains with different orientations exhibited similar SRS exponents,m, calculated from the experimental results.     

WO3 nanoflakes decorated with CuO clusters for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

The low quantum efficiency arising from poor charges transfer and insufficient light absorption is one of the critical challenges toward achieving highly efficient water splitting in photoelectrochemical cells. Three dimensions(3D) structures and heterojunctions have received intensive research interests recent years due to their excellent ability to separate photo-generated charges as well as the enhanced light harvesting property. Herein,3 D Cu O/WO_3 structure was fabricated through a facile solvothermal method followed by chemical bath deposition. The loading of Cu O clusters on WO_3 nanoflake arrays results in a much improved photocurrent density compared with that of pristine WO_3 nanoflake arrays, which reaches 1.8 m A/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement demonstrates that the improved performance of Cu O/WO_3 electrode is attributed to the accelerated charge transfer kinetics as a result of the desirable band alignment in Cu O/WO_3 heterojunction. This work demonstrates a facile strategy to construct superior WO_3 electrode, which will ultimately allow for efficient storage of solar energy into hydrogen.