纳米银在小鼠体内的组织分布

将分散在生理盐水中的纳米银以尾静脉注射的方式注入小鼠体内,采用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)法检测其在小鼠体内的组织分布情况,并利用DAS药物动力学软件分析其在血液中的动力学参数.实验结果显示:纳米银经尾静脉注射进入小鼠体内后,血液中的w(Ag)在染毒1 h内呈快速下降趋势,其后的24 h内w(Ag)处于平稳状态;纳米银在体内的消除半衰期为22.8 h,分布容积为26.8 L/kg;进入体内的纳米银可随血液循环快速分布到全身各脏器,6 h后即可在小鼠的多个主要脏器中检测到银的存在,其中脾脏中的w(Ag)约为203μg/g;滞留在体内的银主要分布在肝脏和脾脏中.由此可见,纳米银具有较高的组织亲和力,肝脏和脾脏可能是纳米银的主要蓄积作用靶器官.     

A pathway profile-based method for drug repositioning

Finding new applications for existing pharmaceuticals,known as drug repositioning,is a validated strategy for resolving the problem of high expenditure but low productivity in drug discovery.Currently,the prevalent computational methods for drug repositioning are focused mainly on the similarity or relevance between known drugs based on their "features",including chemical structure,side effects,gene expression profile,and/or chemical-protein interactome.However,such drug-oriented methods may constrain the newly predicted functions to the pharmacological functional space of the existing drugs.Clinically,many drugs have been found to bind "off-target"(i.e.to receptors other than their primary targets),which can lead to undesirable effects.In this study,which integrates known drug target information,we propose a disease-oriented strategy for evaluating the relationship between drugs and disease based on their pathway profile.The basic hypothesis of this method is that drugs exerting a therapeutic effect may not only directly target the disease-related proteins but also modulate the pathways involved in the pathological process.Upon testing eight of the global best-selling drugs in 2010(each with more than three targets),the FDA(Food and Drug Administration,USA)-approved therapeutic function of each was included in the top 10 predicted indications.On average,60% of predicted results made using our method are proved by literature.This approach could be used to complement existing methods and may provide a new perspective in drug repositioning and side effect evaluation.     

Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR

Inhibition of the BRAF(V600E) oncoprotein by the small-molecule drug PLX4032 (vemurafenib) is highly effective in the treatment of melanoma. However, colon cancer patients harbouring the same BRAF(V600E) oncogenic lesion have poor prognosis and show only a very limited response to this drug. To investigate the cause of the limited therapeutic effect of PLX4032 in BRAF(V600E) mutant colon tumours, here we performed an RNA-interference-based genetic screen in human cells to search for kinases whose knockdown synergizes with BRAF(V600E) inhibition. We report that blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) shows strong synergy with BRAF(V600E) inhibition. We find in multiple BRAF(V600E) mutant colon cancers that inhibition of EGFR by the antibody drug cetuximab or the small-molecule drugs gefitinib or erlotinib is strongly synergistic with BRAF(V600E) inhibition, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we find that BRAF(V600E) inhibition causes a rapid feedback activation of EGFR, which supports continued proliferation in the presence of BRAF(V600E) inhibition. Melanoma cells express low levels of EGFR and are therefore not subject to this feedback activation. Consistent with this, we find that ectopic expression of EGFR in melanoma cells is sufficient to cause resistance to PLX4032. Our data suggest that BRAF(V600E) mutant colon cancers (approximately 8-10% of all colon cancers), for which there are currently no targeted treatment options available, might benefit from combination therapy consisting of BRAF and EGFR inhibitors.     

含风电电力系统随机生产模拟的改进算法

针对传统随机生产模拟忽略负荷的时序特性而难以考虑机组启停、备用、调峰等相关动态费用的问题,将转移频率分析纳入随机生产模拟框架中,形成了改进等效电量频率法.该方法通过等效负荷频率曲线(ELFC)的卷积考虑机组启停,将生产成本分析的范畴拓宽到动态费用的计算.根据所提算法和含风电的EPRI-36算例,比较了风电并网前后系统可靠性指标、燃料成本、环境成本和动态费用等的变化,并研究了风电装机规模对动态费用率的响.结果表明,相对于动态费用的增加,风电对系统可靠性与经济性的改善是主要的,但动态费用率随着风电规模的扩大而提高.     

Comparison of different triolein-based composite semipermeable membranes for passive sampling of organochlorine pesticides

Passive sampling methods have been widely used for more than 20 years because they can provide information on time-weighted average concentrations(CTWA) of hydrophobic organic contaminants in water.Many factors affect the efficiency and applicability of a passive sampling process.Among others,selection of the sampler design and choice of the supporting membrane material are important factors that determine the performance of passive samplers.In this work,the influences of some critical properties of membranes,such as membrane density,hydrophilicity of the membrane surface,and chemical and mechanical resistances,on the uptake of organic chlorinated pesticides(OCPs) were evaluated.Four membrane materials,namely cellulose acetate(CA),cellulose acetate butyrate(CAB),a cellulose acetate-cellulose triacetate blend(CA-CTA),and cellulose triacetate(CTA),and their triolein-embedded samplers were selected for the study.The four membranes are all hydrophilic;CAB has the highest contact angle and CA has the lowest.CTA is chemically and mechanically resistant,and has better tensile strength than the other membranes have.CAB does not have good chemical resistance and dissolves in hexane/dichloromethane solvent.CA and CTA alone showed lower uptake rates for the selected OCPs than with triolein-embedded passive samplers,indicating that triolein increased the accumulation capacity.Triolein-embedded CA(TECAM),CA-CTA(TECA-CTA),CTA(TECTA),and CAB(TECAB) as passive samplers showed similar uptake patterns;TECTA showed the highest uptake rates and TECAB showed the poorest accumulation.In summary,TECTA gave the best performance among all the tested composite semipermeable membranes.     

Recent advances in hydrogen storage technologies based on nanoporous carbon materials

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that can potentially facilitate a transition from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources without producing harmful by-products. Prior to realizing a hydrogen economy, however, viable hydrogen storage materials must be developed. Physical adsorption in porous solids provides an opportunity for hydrogen storage under low-stringency conditions. Physically adsorbed hydrogen molecules are weakly bound to a surface and, hence, are easily released. Among the various surface candidates, porous carbons appear to provide efficient hydrogen storage, with the advantages that porous carbon is relatively low-cost to produce and is easily prepared. In this review, we summarize the preparation methods, pore characteristics, and hydrogen storage capacities of representative nanoporous carbons, including activated carbons, zeolite-templated carbon, and carbide-derived carbon. We focus particularly on a series of nanoporous carbons developed recently: metal–organic framework-derived carbons, which exhibit promising properties for use in hydrogen storage applications.     

Heating effect and biocompati bility of bacteri al magnetoso mes as potential materials used in magnetic fluid hyperthermia

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) promises to be a viable alternative in the treatment of localized cancerous tumors.The treatment consists of introducing nanoparticles as energy absorbent agents in tu...     

Solvother mal synthesis of Co1-xNixFe2O4 nanoparticles and its application in ammonia vapors detection

Magnetic Co1-xNixFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method using ethylene glycol as solvent.The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),field emiss...     

脑-机接口中小波和小波包方差的特征比较

针对两种不同意识任务的脑-机接口设计,提出了以方差作为特征的方法和以分类速率作为评价标准之一的新方法.首先深入研究了小波理论,分析了小波包分解中存在的频带交错现象,然后以小波系数和小波包系数的方差作为特征,对C3,C4导联脑电信号分别进行两种特征的提取,最后采用线性支持向量机作为分类器进行分类.结果表明,两种特征对应的最大分类正确率均达到了86.43%,对应时间分别为4.32和4.31 s.因此,以小波方差和小波包方差作为特征是完全可取的;分类速率的提出能同时反映分类正确率和分类时间,为大脑意识任务分类提供了新思路.     

基于智能酒精检测的汽车启动控制系统设计

针对近年来频繁发生的酒后驾车事故,设计一款车载酒精止动装置,以12C5A08S2单片机为主要芯片,蜂鸣器和LED灯为报警装置,应用小波分析确定浓度与电压关系函数,当酒精探头检测浓度超过设定阈值时,汽车点火回路立即被继电器切断．