Nine new species of the subgenus Stegana (Oxyphortica) from the Oriental region,with morphological and molecular evidence based on Chinese species (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Nine new species of the subgenus Stegana (Oxyphortica) have been discovered from the Oriental Region: S. (O.) chuanjiangi Zhang and Chen, sp. nov., S (O.) dainuo Wang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) dawa Zhang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) laohlie Zhang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) luchun Wang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) mengwan Wang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) triodonta Cheng and Chen, sp. nov. from southern China; S. (O.) dehiscens Cheng and Chen, sp. nov. and S. (O.) spinosa Cheng and Chen, sp. nov. from eastern Malaysia. One newly recorded species from China: S. (O.) maichouensis Sidorenko is re-described. The DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene with BOLD Process ID and GenBank accession numbers are provided for the above seven new species and five known species from China: S. (O.) acutipenis Xu, Gao and Chen, S. (O.) adentata Toda and Peng, S. (O.) hirtipenis Xu, Gao and Chen, S. (O.) latipenis Xu, Gao and Chen, and S. (O.) maichouensis Sidorenko. Intra- and interspecific pairwise K-2P distances among these species are summarized and the phylogenetic relationships are reconstructed based on the neighbour-joining (NJ) analyses.

www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2FA403F6-5535-40A4-9FD0-ADB9913EDE83.     

Exome sequencing of liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma

Opisthorchis viverrini-related cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a fatal bile duct cancer, is a major public health concern in areas endemic for this parasite. We report here whole-exome sequencing of eight O. viverrini-related tumors and matched normal tissue. We identified and validated 206 somatic mutations in 187 genes using Sanger sequencing and selected 15 genes for mutation prevalence screening in an additional 46 individuals with CCA (cases). In addition to the known cancer-related genes TP53 (mutated in 44.4% of cases), KRAS (16.7%) and SMAD4 (16.7%), we identified somatic mutations in 10 newly implicated genes in 14.8-3.7% of cases. These included inactivating mutations in MLL3 (in 14.8% of cases), ROBO2 (9.3%), RNF43 (9.3%) and PEG3 (5.6%), and activating mutations in the GNAS oncogene (9.3%). These genes have functions that can be broadly grouped into three biological classes: (i) deactivation of histone modifiers, (ii) activation of G protein signaling and (iii) loss of genome stability. This study provides insight into the mutational landscape contributing to O. viverrini-related CCA.     

Mutations in NMNAT1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis and identify a new disease pathway for retinal degeneration

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a blinding retinal disease that presents within the first year after birth. Using exome sequencing, we identified mutations in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthase gene NMNAT1 encoding nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 in eight families with LCA, including the family in which LCA was originally linked to the LCA9 locus. Notably, all individuals with NMNAT1 mutations also have macular colobomas, which are severe degenerative entities of the central retina (fovea) devoid of tissue and photoreceptors. Functional assays of the proteins encoded by the mutant alleles identified in our study showed that the mutations reduce the enzymatic activity of NMNAT1 in NAD biosynthesis and affect protein folding. Of note, recent characterization of the slow Wallerian degeneration (Wld(s)) mouse model, in which prolonged axonal survival after injury is observed, identified NMNAT1 as a neuroprotective protein when ectopically expressed. Our findings identify a new disease mechanism underlying LCA and provide the first link between endogenous NMNAT1 dysfunction and a human nervous system disorder.     

水栖性的棘胸蛙身体大小不随环境水热梯度及净初级生产力梯度而分化

之前的研究发现不同地理种群棘胸蛙(Quasipaa spinosa)的身体大小随着环境生产力以及年最低温的降低而增大,因为更大的身体利于在生产力水平较低的环境中耐受饥饿并利于在寒冷的环境条件下保存热量.然而在种间水平上进行的相关研究发现:由于大部分时间生活在水体这种相对稳定的环境中,水栖性无尾类的身体大小并不受宏观水热波动的影响.为了更好地探究这个问题,我们以棘胸蛙为研究对象,在之前的基础上选择更多的研究地点及更多的环境因子,研究其身体大小的地理分化格局并探究潜在机制.与之前的发现不同,作为一种水栖性无尾类,棘胸蛙的身体大小并不受环境水热梯度以及净初级生产力梯度的影响.导致这种现象的原因可能是水栖性的生境偏好缓和了棘胸蛙受到的来自宏观环境水热波动的影响,所以它们并不通过改变身体大小来适应宏观环境梯度.此外由于棘胸蛙的肉食性,环境初级生产力并不能有效地衡量其食物供给,其身体大小是否受到食物供给量的影响仍有待深入探究.     

海湾战争的特点和启示

本文阐述海湾战争的特点和启示,着重分析了现代空袭模式和防空面临的问题。     

浅谈箱梁后张法预应力钢绞线质量控制

结合工程实际施工经验,对箱梁后张法预应力钢绞线施工质量控制进行论述,为箱梁施工质量控制提供参考.     

兔血清诱导Shope肿瘤细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的：前期实验结果已证明兔血清对Ｓｈｏｐｅ肿瘤细胞具有伤作用。本实验拟从细胞凋亡角度探讨兔血清杀伤该细胞的机理。方法：通过电子显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、琼脂糖凝胶电泳及流式细胞仪检测等方法,观察了兔血清诱导细胞凋亡的可能性。结果：经１０％兔血清处理３ｈ的中等分化程度的Ｓｈｏｐｅ肿瘤细胞（ＳＣＢ－６ａ）在电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜下均可见典型的细胞凋亡的形态学特征;１．５％琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈现明显的“阶梯状”图谱（ＤＮＡ ｌｅｄｄｅｒ）;ＰＩ染色后经流式细胞仪检测显示大量亚二倍体细胞（凋亡细胞）。结论：兔血清诱导Ｓｈｏｐｅ肿瘤细胞凋亡可能是其伤细胞的作用机理之一。     

论《鲁宾逊漂流记》中反文学生态中心主义思想

《鲁宾逊漂流记》一直是国内外学者的研究经典，学者们从人物形象、叙事技巧、神话原型、殖民和后殖民主义等多个角度对之进行阐释和评价，但《鲁宾逊漂流记》却深刻地体现了反文学生态中心主义思想。该文运用生态文学批评理论，重新解读《鲁宾逊漂流记》。