中国环境和能源问题以及中日技术合作的可能性

该文基于汤姆森科学引文索引数据库，分析了中国的科学论文份额和国际合作论文状况。依据在
日本东京举行的中- 日环境和能源论坛的报告内容，分析了中国基础研究的产业化状况，讨论了中日在相关
领域开展技术合作的可能行。最后，文章讨论了科技合作的具体执行方案，例如建立示范实验室或者定期举
行政府间环境和能源政策交流等。     

Extremely fast acceleration of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant

Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are widely believed to be accelerated by shock waves associated with the expansion of supernova ejecta into the interstellar medium. A key issue in this long-standing conjecture is a theoretical prediction that the interstellar magnetic field can be substantially amplified at the shock of a young supernova remnant (SNR) through magnetohydrodynamic waves generated by cosmic rays. Here we report a discovery of the brightening and decay of X-ray hot spots in the shell of the SNR RX J1713.7-3946 on a one-year timescale. This rapid variability shows that the X-rays are produced by ultrarelativistic electrons through a synchrotron process and that electron acceleration does indeed take place in a strongly magnetized environment, indicating amplification of the magnetic field by a factor of more than 100. The X-ray variability also implies that we have witnessed the ongoing shock-acceleration of electrons in real time. Independently, broadband X-ray spectrometric measurements of RX J1713.7-3946 indicate that electron acceleration proceeds in the most effective ('Bohm-diffusion') regime. Taken together, these two results provide a strong argument for acceleration of protons and nuclei to energies of 1 PeV (10(15) eV) and beyond in young supernova remnants.     

Reactive ion etching of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer for flexible piezoelectric devices

A microfabrication process for poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)(P(VDF-TrFE)) based flexible piezoelectric devices is proposed using heat controlled spin coating and reactive ion etching(RIE) techniques.Dry etching of P(VDF-TrFE) in CF 4 +O2 plasma is found to be more effective than that using SF 6 +O2 or Ar+O2 feed gas with the same radiofrequency power and pressure conditions.A maximum etching rate of 400 nm/min is obtained using the CF 4 +O2 plasma with an oxygen concentration of 60% at an antenna power of 200 W and a platen power of 20 W.The oxygen atoms and fluorine atoms are found to be responsible for the chemical etching process.Microstructuring of P(VDF-TrFE) with a feature size of 10 m is achieved and the patterned films show a high remanent polarization of 63.6mC/m 2.     

Common variation in GPC5 is associated with acquired nephrotic syndrome

Severe proteinuria is a defining factor of nephrotic syndrome irrespective of the etiology. Investigation of congenital nephrotic syndrome has shown that dysfunction of glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) plays a crucial role in this disease. Acquired nephrotic syndrome is also assumed to be associated with podocyte injury. Here we identify an association between variants in GPC5, encoding glypican-5, and acquired nephrotic syndrome through a genome-wide association study and replication analysis (P value under a recessive model (P(rec)) = 6.0 × 10(-11), odds ratio = 2.54). We show that GPC5 is expressed in podocytes and that the risk genotype is associated with higher expression. We further show that podocyte-specific knockdown and systemic short interfering RNA injection confers resistance to podocyte injury in mouse models of nephrosis. This study identifies GPC5 as a new susceptibility gene for nephrotic syndrome and implicates GPC5 as a promising therapeutic target for reducing podocyte vulnerability in glomerular disease.     

Structure of the gap junction channel and its implications for its biological functions

Gap junctions consist of arrays of intercellular channels composed of integral membrane proteins called connexin in vertebrates. Gap junction channels regulate the passage of ions and biological molecules between adjacent cells and, therefore, are critically important in many biological activities, including development, differentiation, neural activity, and immune response. Mutations in connexin genes are associated with several human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease, skin disease, deafness, and developmental abnormalities. The activity of gap junction channels is regulated by the membrane voltage, intracellular microenvironment, interaction with other proteins, and phosphorylation. Each connexin channel has its own property for conductance and molecular permeability. A number of studies have tried to reveal the molecular architecture of the channel pore that should confer the connexin-specific permeability/selectivity properties and molecular basis for the gating and regulation. In this review, we give an overview of structural studies and describe the structural and functional relationship of gap junction channels.     

Common variants at CDKAL1 and KLF9 are associated with body mass index in east Asian populations

Obesity is a disorder with a complex genetic etiology, and its epidemic is a worldwide problem. Although multiple genetic loci associated with body mass index, the most common measure of obesity, have been identified in European populations, few studies have focused on Asian populations. Here we report a genome-wide association study and replication studies with 62,245 east Asian subjects, which identified two new body mass index-associated loci in the CDKAL1 locus at 6p22 (rs2206734, P = 1.4 × 10(-11)) and the KLF9 locus at 9q21 (rs11142387, P = 1.3 × 10(-9)), as well as several previously reported loci (the SEC16B, BDNF, FTO, MC4R and GIPR loci, P < 5.0 × 10(-8)). We subsequently performed gene-gene interaction analyses and identified an interaction (P = 2.0 × 10(-8)) between a SNP in the KLF9 locus (rs11142387) and one in the MSTN (also known as GDF8) locus at 2q32 (rs13034723). These findings should provide useful insights into the etiology of obesity.     

SNPs in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in East Asian and European populations

We conducted a genome-wide association study using 207,097 SNP markers in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes and unrelated controls, and identified KCNQ1 (potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1) to be a strong candidate for conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. We detected consistent association of a SNP in KCNQ1 (rs2283228) with the disease in several independent case-control studies (additive model P = 3.1 x 10(-12); OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.18-1.34). Several other SNPs in the same linkage disequilibrium (LD) block were strongly associated with type 2 diabetes (additive model: rs2237895, P = 7.3 x 10(-9); OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.20-1.45, rs2237897, P = 6.8 x 10(-13); OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.29-1.55). The association of these SNPs with type 2 diabetes was replicated in samples from Singaporean (additive model: rs2237895, P = 8.5 x 10(-3); OR = 1.14, rs2237897, P = 2.4 x 10(-4); OR = 1.22) and Danish populations (additive model: rs2237895, P = 3.7 x 10(-11); OR = 1.24, rs2237897, P = 1.2 x 10(-4); OR = 1.36).     

我国典型垃圾焚烧飞灰物化特性对比

对我国不同地区生活垃圾焚烧厂焚烧飞灰的物理、化学特性进行了分析研究,探讨了飞灰中总氯、可溶氯含量以及重金属分布与原始垃圾组分的相关性,结果表明,飞灰中重金属的含量与进厂原始垃圾的组成及垃圾收集方式密切相关;飞灰中所含氯的质量分数高达5.21%～14.49%,其中可溶氯占总氯质量的40.60%～83.96%;不同城市焚烧飞灰中氯的含量差异较大,经济发展水平较高的城市焚烧飞灰中氯的含量也相对较高,厨余垃圾所占比例是影响飞灰中氯(特别是可溶氯)含量的重要因素.     

The effects of microinjection of carbachol or hemicholinium into the amygdala on the levels of plasma and adrenal corticosterone in rats

Microinjections of 0.4 microgram of carbachol into the amygdala caused a rise of corticosterone (CS) in the morning when the prestimulating level of CS was lower. But the same procedure with a larger dose had no effect in the afternoon, when the prestimulating level of CS was higher.     

Anomeric compositions of D-glucose in tissues and blood of rat

The anomeric compositions of D-glucose in the liver, kidney, heart, blood and plasma of rat were determined by our methods for the assay of D-glucose anomers and the percentages of the beta-anomer were found to be 61.8, 61.0, 62.4, 62.7 and 62.9, respectively.