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21.
Qiu Baoli Susan A. Coats Ren Shunxiang Ali M. Idris Xu Caixia Judith K. Brown 《自然科学进展》2007,17(6):645-654
Phylogenetic relationships for Bemisia tabaci were reconstructed by analysis of a ~780 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene with an emphasis on geographic range and distribution among eight eudicot plant families that are common hosts of B. tabaci worldwide to elucidate key phylogeographic linkages between populations extant in China (n=31) and India (n=34). Bootstrap values for the Maximum Parsimony tree were highly robust for all major nodes involving the major Asian clade, subgroups, and sister groups within, at 92%—100%. Between-clade distances for the Southeast Asia and three other major clades, e.g. from sub-Sahara Africa, North Africa-Mediterranean, and the Americas, were approximately >16% divergent. Two major Asian subgroups (I, II) were resolved, which represented populations indigenous to the region, comprising two (I a, I b) and five (II a—e) sister groups, respectively, which diverged by 11%. Two distinct populations from sunflower in Hyderabad grouped separately within the two Asian subgroups. All other populations grouped uniquely within Asian subgroup II or I. The “B” biotype was identified in 23 collections from China at 97.3%—99.5% nucleotide identity with “B” biotype reference sequences; it was not identified in collections from India. The majority of haplotypes were associated with 3—4 plant families, with one exception that for sister group IId (sesame, India), it might be monophagous. Thus, B. tabaci from the southeastern and near eastern regions of the Asian continent comprise of a large number of ancestral, richly divergent, mostly polyphagous populations. This region is therefore hypothesized to constitute an important Old World center of diversification for the B. tabaci complex, together with sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
22.
Susan Koniak 《西北部美国博物学家》2011,45(3)
Twenty - one areas in pinyon ( Pinus monophylla ) - juniper ( Juniperus osteosperma ) woodlands burned by wildfire from approximately 1 to 60 years prior to sampling and adjacent unburned mature woodland stands were studied in Nevada and California to determine successional patterns and individual species responses to burning and to changing plant communities through time. One year after burning, all late successional woodland species were present in postburn plant communities except tree species. Increases in both cover and occurrence of annual and perennial forbs resulted in their dominance on early successional sites. Shrubs and annual grasses dominated midsuccessional sites, subsequently giving way to tree, shrub, and perennial grass dominance in late succession. North and east slopes generally supported high cover and occurrence of shrubs, perennial grasses, and perennial forbs, and south and west slopes generally supported high cover and occurrence of annual forbs and annual grasses. The ability to group species according to preferential occurrence on various aspects and successional stages can be used to predict plant community composition in time and space in the pinyon - juniper woodlands. 相似文献
23.
范嘉 《天津师范大学学报(自然科学版)》2009,29(2):69-72
以发酵酵母为研究对象,采用超声波空蚀和高压均质方法对细胞进行机械细胞分裂,研究了热预处理对微生物细胞分裂效率的作用。结果表明:酵母悬浮液的温度经热预处理从室温(22±1)℃上升到40-50℃时,达到相同程度的细胞分裂效率所需的能量降低了;当酵母悬浮液的温度经热预处理上升到50℃时,蛋白质浓度达到最大值,蛋白质发生变质的热预处理温度≥52℃。 相似文献
24.
Lepidium papilliferum is an ephemeral species that occupies ""slick spot"" microhabitats in the matrix of sagebrush steppe vegetation of the southwestern Snake River plains, Idaho, USA. We related population demographic data collected from 1993 to 1996 to on-site precipitation data on the Orchard Training Area west of Boise. We also carried out field seed-retrieval and in situ seed bank studies. We found that L. papilliferum has a dual life history strategy. A fraction of each cohort sets seed as summer annuals, while the remaining plants remain vegetative and potentially biennial. Surviving biennials flower and set seed along with the annual cohort of the following year. The switch to flowering as an annual appears to be based on threshold rosette size. Probability of survival to flowering was much lower for biennials than for annuals of the same cohort, but surviving biennials sometimes had enhanced seed production. The summerdry environment of the Snake River plains combined with the slick spot habitat has apparently selected for a primarily summer annual life cycle for this species. Seeds were highly dormant at dispersal and were not responsive to dormancybreaking cues. Those from a given cohort of L. papilliferum remained viable in the soil for at least 11 years. This persistent seed bank provides a buffer against extinction in sequences of years when seed production is low or absent. Estimated seed bank size varied from near zero for a heavily disturbed site that formerly supported the species to 18 viable seeds · dm -2 for an extant population in high-quality habitat. Management for population preservation for L. papilliferum should focus on protecting the seed bank from destruction caused by livestock trampling and other anthropogenic disturbances. 相似文献
25.
Susan Farr Gabriele 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》1997,10(3):271-303
The scope of current educational reform themes is wide. Power is shifted from central governments to local, from administrative
office to school site, from principal to teachers, from teacher to students. This is hopeful because traditional reform efforts
have been counterproductive. These new themes parallel a worldwide paradigm shift from viewing relationships as monocausal
and top-down regulating to interactive and self-regulating. The new themes are also problematic because resulting reform efforts
are conflicting, proposing either control or flexibility, which increases harmful out-comes. This paper elaborates Boulding's
typology of system complexity drawing from education and related disciplines. The elaboration unifies conflicting perspectives
and explains why school reforms fail. Agency in change is clarified. The change model that results highlights system adjustment
capacities and specifies both control and flexibility: control of morphostatic subsystems for maintaining access to resources
of time, materials, equipment, and energy; and flexibility in morphogenic subsystems for learning, growth, and differentiation. 相似文献
26.
Susan Heyner 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1972,28(9):1092-1094
Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass jungfräuliche weibliche C5 7BL/6 Mäuse weder beschleunigte noch verzögerte Ablehnung von syngeneischer männlicher Hautübertragung nach einer einzigen i.p. Einspritzung von 1 bis 8 Millionen syngeneischen Spermien zeigen.
Supported by NIH Contract No. 70-2151. I thank Dr.R. E. Billingham for useful discussions on this subject. 相似文献
Supported by NIH Contract No. 70-2151. I thank Dr.R. E. Billingham for useful discussions on this subject. 相似文献
27.
Acknowledgment of priority 相似文献
28.
29.
J.?Gregory?TraftonEmail author Susan?B.?Trickett Farilee?E.?Mintz 《Foundations of Science》2005,10(1):89-106
Many scientific discoveries have depended on external diagrams or visualizations. Many scientists also report to use an internal mental representation or mental imagery to help them solve problems and reason. How do scientists connect these internal and external representations? We examined working scientists as they worked on external scientific visualizations. We coded the number and type of spatial transformations (mental operations that scientists used on internal or external representations or images) and found that there were a very large number of comparisons, either between different visualizations or between a visualization and the scientists’ internal mental representation. We found that when scientists compared visualization to visualization, the comparisons were based primarily on features. However, when scientists compared a visualization to their mental representation, they were attempting to align the two representations. We suggest that this alignment process is how scientists connect internal and external representations. 相似文献
30.