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101.
Pearson RA Barber AC Rizzi M Hippert C Xue T West EL Duran Y Smith AJ Chuang JZ Azam SA Luhmann UF Benucci A Sung CH Bainbridge JW Carandini M Yau KW Sowden JC Ali RR 《Nature》2012,485(7396):99-103
Cell transplantation is a potential strategy for treating blindness caused by the loss of photoreceptors. Although transplanted rod-precursor cells are able to migrate into the adult retina and differentiate to acquire the specialized morphological features of mature photoreceptor cells, the fundamental question remains whether transplantation of photoreceptor cells can actually improve vision. Here we provide evidence of functional rod-mediated vision after photoreceptor transplantation in adult Gnat1?/? mice, which lack rod function and are a model of congenital stationary night blindness. We show that transplanted rod precursors form classic triad synaptic connections with second-order bipolar and horizontal cells in the recipient retina. The newly integrated photoreceptor cells are light-responsive with dim-flash kinetics similar to adult wild-type photoreceptors. By using intrinsic imaging under scotopic conditions we demonstrate that visual signals generated by transplanted rods are projected to higher visual areas, including V1. Moreover, these cells are capable of driving optokinetic head tracking and visually guided behaviour in the Gnat1?/? mouse under scotopic conditions. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for restoring vision after retinal degeneration. 相似文献
102.
James TY Kauff F Schoch CL Matheny PB Hofstetter V Cox CJ Celio G Gueidan C Fraker E Miadlikowska J Lumbsch HT Rauhut A Reeb V Arnold AE Amtoft A Stajich JE Hosaka K Sung GH Johnson D O'Rourke B Crockett M Binder M Curtis JM Slot JC Wang Z Wilson AW Schüssler A Longcore JE O'Donnell K Mozley-Standridge S Porter D Letcher PM Powell MJ Taylor JW White MM Griffith GW Davies DR Humber RA Morton JB Sugiyama J Rossman AY Rogers JD Pfister DH Hewitt D Hansen K Hambleton S Shoemaker RA Kohlmeyer J 《Nature》2006,443(7113):818-822
The ancestors of fungi are believed to be simple aquatic forms with flagellated spores, similar to members of the extant phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids). Current classifications assume that chytrids form an early-diverging clade within the kingdom Fungi and imply a single loss of the spore flagellum, leading to the diversification of terrestrial fungi. Here we develop phylogenetic hypotheses for Fungi using data from six gene regions and nearly 200 species. Our results indicate that there may have been at least four independent losses of the flagellum in the kingdom Fungi. These losses of swimming spores coincided with the evolution of new mechanisms of spore dispersal, such as aerial dispersal in mycelial groups and polar tube eversion in the microsporidia (unicellular forms that lack mitochondria). The enigmatic microsporidia seem to be derived from an endoparasitic chytrid ancestor similar to Rozella allomycis, on the earliest diverging branch of the fungal phylogenetic tree. 相似文献
103.
作者认为二级文法的实用性质关键取决于两个基本问题。第一个基本问题是转调条件。本文首次提出部分转调条件和部分转调的概念,克服了原转调条件和完全转调的局限性。在此基础上,进一步讨论了LR文法、部分转调与子文法类之间的关系。第二个基本问题是入口状态前看集。本文证明了入口状态前看集不会缩小二级文法的文法属性。这篇文章中所讨论的内容是二级文法研究中所取得的重要进展。在M—68000微型机上已有效地实现了二级语法分析器自动生成系统6,进而有力地论证了这一研究结果的实用价值。 相似文献
104.
Human meiotic recombinase Dmc1 promotes ATP-dependent homologous DNA strand exchange 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Homologous recombination is crucial for the repair of DNA breaks and maintenance of genome stability. In Escherichia coli, homologous recombination is dependent on the RecA protein. In the presence of ATP, RecA mediates the homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange reaction that links recombining DNA molecules. DNA joint formation is initiated through the nucleation of RecA onto single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form helical nucleoprotein filaments. Two RecA-like recombinases, Rad51 and Dmc1, exist in eukaryotes. Whereas Rad51 is needed for both mitotic and meiotic recombination events, the function of Dmc1 is restricted to meiosis. Here we examine human Dmc1 protein (hDmc1) for the ability to promote DNA strand exchange, and show that hDmc1 mediates strand exchange between paired DNA substrates over at least several thousand base pairs. DNA strand exchange requires ATP and is strongly dependent on the heterotrimeric ssDNA-binding molecule replication factor A (RPA). We present evidence that hDmc1-mediated DNA recombination initiates through the nucleation of hDmc1 onto ssDNA to form a helical nucleoprotein filament. The DNA strand exchange activity of hDmc1 is probably indispensable for repair of DNA double-strand breaks during meiosis and for maintaining the ploidy of meiotic chromosomes. 相似文献
105.
Kim JH Kim B Cai L Choi HJ Ohgi KA Tran C Chen C Chung CH Huber O Rose DW Sawyers CL Rosenfeld MG Baek SH 《Nature》2005,434(7035):921-926
Defining the molecular strategies that integrate diverse signalling pathways in the expression of specific gene programmes that are critical in homeostasis and disease remains a central issue in biology. This is particularly pertinent in cancer biology because downregulation of tumour metastasis suppressor genes is a common occurrence, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well established. Here we report that the downregulation of a metastasis suppressor gene, KAI1, in prostate cancer cells involves the inhibitory actions of beta-catenin, along with a reptin chromatin remodelling complex. This inhibitory function of beta-catenin-reptin requires both increased beta-catenin expression and recruitment of histone deacetylase activity. The coordinated actions of beta-catenin-reptin components that mediate the repressive state serve to antagonize a Tip60 coactivator complex that is required for activation; the balance of these opposing complexes controls the expression of KAI1 and metastatic potential. The molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonistic regulation of beta-catenin-reptin and the Tip60 coactivator complexes for the metastasis suppressor gene, KAI1, are likely to be prototypic of a selective downregulation strategy for many genes, including a subset of NF-kappaB target genes. 相似文献
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108.
本文研究了La对GBC-12合金在1030℃下抗高温氧化以及抗熔融玻璃腐蚀的影响。结果表明:La改善了氧化膜及腐蚀膜与基体金属的粘结性,促进了Cr的扩散,有利于CrO_3保护膜的形成,从而提高了该合金在1030℃时抗高温氧化和抗熔融玻璃腐蚀的能力。 相似文献