B位元素掺杂对Y-Ba-Cu-O系ABO_3化合物超导电性影响的研究

自高T_c氧化物超导陶瓷出现以来,已提出了许多可能与超导电性相关的因素。为探讨这些因素对超导性的影响,对元素掺杂的研究有着重要的意义。按照容许因子公式的要求,我们选择了满足ABO_3化合物中B位要求条件下的过渡族元素,将它们掺入(YBa)CuO_3中时,能部分取代Cu的位置而处于B位上。这样利用B位元素的少量掺杂,可以作为“结构探针”引出与周围O的2P电子、氧缺位及Cu、稀土离子等相互作用信息的变化,有助于对超导微观机理的了解;又因为ABO_3化合物     

聚氨酯-聚丙烯腈共混体系的动态力学性质及其力学模型的研究

本文研究了聚氨酯(PU)-聚丙烯腈(PAN)共混体系的动态力学性质和相逆转现象。发现当PAN含量为30—40％的范围内,共混体系发生了连续相与分散相的逆转;进一步通过3个力学模型,描述了该共混体系的模量-组成关系以及动态力学温度谱。所有实验数据都落在理论预测的范围内,并与Budiansky模型符合得最好。     

高吸水改性聚乙烯醇(PVA)的制取及性能

高吸水改性 PVA 由 PVA 树脂通过酯化和皂化而成。它能吸收高达自重600倍的纯水。通过对酯化速度、交联度等的测定,计算了酯化反应活化能,并探讨了影响酯化率、交联密度及吸水性能的诸因素及其互相关系。借助 X 射线衍射、透射电镜,动态力学测试仪等的测试表明:高吸水改性 PVA 是一种二相结构,具有比纯 PVA 为低的结晶度。据此提出了高吸水改性 PVA 的结构模型。最后还报导了高吸水改性 PVA 的一些吸水性能。     

固定床吸附过程分析与关联

本文就吸附等温线为线性的物系，研究了平衡级理论．动力学理论模型，提出了 任意边界条件下平衡级理论关于固定床穿透曲线的表达式。在同时考虑吸附剂颗粒内 扩散所得出穿透曲线表达式的基础上，提出了ＣＴＸ图，使用该图可由实验数据查 求模型参数。此方法简便而迅速．     

GM-CSF induces human neutrophil IgA-mediated phagocytosis by an IgA Fc receptor activation mechanism

Immunoglobulin A is the primary immunoglobulin isotype in tears, saliva, breast milk and other mucosal secretions, constituting between 6% and 15% of the total serum immunoglobulins. Human peripheral blood neutrophils have IgA receptors, but these cells do not normally participate in IgA-mediated phagocytosis. The haematopoietic factors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) prime neutrophils to be more responsive to a variety of stimuli. We therefore studied their effect on IgA-mediated phagocytosis. GM-CSF and G-CSF both induce a change from low to high-affinity neutrophil IgA Fc crystallizable fragment receptors within 30 min; a change which is associated with the development of IgA-mediated phagocytosis. Human IL-3, which does not affect neutrophil function, is inactive in this system. These results define a new mechanism for CSF-augmented host defence whereby neutrophil function can be modulated by CSF-mediated IgA Fc receptor activation.     

Novel precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein shows protease inhibitory activity

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by cerebral deposits of amyloid beta-protein (AP) as senile plaque core and vascular amyloid, and a complementary DNA encoding a precursor of this protein (APP) has been cloned from human brain. From a cDNA library of a human glioblastoma cell line, we have isolated a cDNA identical to that previously reported, together with a new cDNA which contains a 225-nucleotide insert. The sequence of the 56 amino acids at the N-terminal of the protein deduced from this insert is highly homologous to the basic trypsin inhibitor family, and the lysate from COS-1 cells transfected with the longer APP cDNA showed an increased inhibition of trypsin activity. Partial sequencing of the genomic DNA encoding APP showed that the 225 nucleotides are located in two exons. At least three messenger RNA species, apparently transcribed from a single APP gene by alternative splicing, were found in human brain. We suggest that protease inhibition by the longer APP(s) could be related to aberrant APP catabolism.     

Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms

The conflict between the Mendelian theory of particulate inheritance and the observation of continuous variation for most traits in nature was resolved in the early 1900s by the concept that quantitative traits can result from segregation of multiple genes, modified by environmental effects. Although pioneering experiments showed that linkage could occasionally be detected to such quantitative trait loci (QTLs), accurate and systematic mapping of QTLs has not been possible because the inheritance of an entire genome could not be studied with genetic markers. The use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) has made such investigations possible, at least in principle. Here, we report the first use of a complete RFLP linkage map to resolve quantitative traits into discrete Mendelian factors, in an interspecific back-cross of tomato. Applying new analytical methods, we mapped at least six QTLs controlling fruit mass, four QTLs for the concentration of soluble solids and five QTLs for fruit pH. This approach is broadly applicable to the genetic dissection of quantitative inheritance of physiological, morphological and behavioural traits in any higher plant or animal.     

Positive selection of CD4+ thymocytes controlled by MHC class II gene products

The mature T-cell antigen receptor repertoire is characterized by lack of reactivity to self-components as well as by preferential reactivity to foreign antigens in the context of polymorphic self-proteins encoded within the major histocompatibility complex. Whereas the former characteristic (referred to as negative selection or tolerance) is associated with intrathymic deletion of T cells expressing T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain variable (V beta) domains, which confer a preferential reactivity to self antigens, the existence of the latter (referred to as positive selection or MHC restriction) has so far only been inferred indirectly from functional studies. We show here that intrathymic deletion of V+beta 6 T cells (reactive with a self-antigen encoded by the Mlsa locus) is controlled by polymorphic MHC class II determinants. Furthermore, in mice lacking expression of Mlsa, the same class II MHC loci control the frequency of occurrence of V+beta 6 cells among mature CD4+ T lymphocytes. These data are direct evidence for positive selection by MHC determinants in the thymus in unmanipulated animals.     

Chronic ethanol causes heterologous desensitization of receptors by reducing alpha s messenger RNA

One of the biochemical results of ethanol exposure is a change in the amount of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) produced in response to receptor stimulation. In general, acute ethanol exposure increases the amount of cAMP produced on stimulation of receptors coupled to the enzyme adenylyl cyclase via the GTP-binding protein Gs, whereas chronic ethanol exposure has the opposite effect (results for receptors coupled via Gi have been more variable). We previously reported that adaptation to continuous ethanol exposure reduces receptor-stimulated cAMP production by 25-35% in a neuroblastoma cell line (NG108-15), and an even greater reduction of 75% was observed in lymphocytes taken from actively-drinking alcoholics. This reduction in receptor-stimulated cAMP levels was recently confirmed in platelets from alcoholics. None of these studies, however, determined whether more than one receptor coupled to adenylyl cyclase activity was affected in the same cell. Here we report that chronic ethanol exposure causes desensitization of heterologous receptors coupled to Gs as cAMP production mediated by prostaglandin E1 as well as by adenosine is reduced by approximately 30% in NG108-15 cells. We show that, after chronic ethanol exposure, the activity of the alpha subunit of Gs is decreased by 29%, the amount of alpha s protein is decreased by 38.5%, and alpha s messenger RNA is decreased by 30%. Thus, cellular adaptation to ethanol involves a reduction in alpha s mRNA and, as a consequence, reduced cAMP production by heterologous receptors coupled to Gs. Such changes in cAMP production may account for the tolerance and physical dependence on ethanol in alcoholism.