嫁接用苗生长状态无损测量技术的研究

利用机器视觉技术对蔬菜幼苗的生长特征信息进行了无损检测,该研究技术是定量化研究植物生长规律的关键技术之一,并为蔬菜自动化生产过程中的嫁接、移栽、间苗等作业提供必要的技术理论依据.该研究通过在温室内设计了一套计算机视觉系统,对多株群体蔬菜苗的生长进行了长时间、连续、快速的无损检测,并利用VB6.0编制了图像处理软件,提取了蔬菜幼苗的外部形态特征,经过图像处理软件分析得到蔬菜幼苗的日生长变化规律,发现蔬菜苗在夜间的生长率明显高于白天.研究表明,采用机器视觉及图像处理技术可以快速、准确地监测出蔬菜幼苗的外部形态特征量,能够对蔬菜生长状态进行直观测量,实现对蔬菜幼苗生长规的定量化研究,为蔬菜生产过程中相关作业的自动化提供可靠的理论依据.     

Bias‐corrected bootstrap prediction intervals for autoregressive model: new alternatives with applications to tourism forecasting

This paper proposes the use of the bias‐corrected bootstrap for interval forecasting of an autoregressive time series with an arbitrary number of deterministic components. We use the bias‐corrected bootstrap based on two alternative bias‐correction methods: the bootstrap and an analytic formula based on asymptotic expansion. We also propose a new stationarity‐correction method, based on stable spectral factorization, as an alternative to Kilian's method exclusively used in past studies. A Monte Carlo experiment is conducted to compare small‐sample properties of prediction intervals. The results show that the bias‐corrected bootstrap prediction intervals proposed in this paper exhibit desirable small‐sample properties. It is also found that the bootstrap bias‐corrected prediction intervals based on stable spectral factorization are tighter and more stable than those based on Kilian's stationarity‐correction. The proposed methods are applied to interval forecasting for the number of tourist arrivals in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于专利引文数据的混合动力汽车创新扩散研究

以巴斯扩散模型为理论基础,利用1995～2011年的专利引文数据,对混合动力汽车的技术扩散模型进行了非线性最小二乘法估计。结果显示：①各参数均为统计上显著的,且可决系数与调整可决系数均较大;②该技术的扩散路径符合巴斯模型,且处于成熟阶段。同时,以普锐斯为例,对其1997～2010年的销售数据进行拟合与预测,结果显示,该产品的扩散过程符合巴斯模型。文章认为新技术的扩散与新产品之间存在时滞。     

Multispecies-compatible antitumor effects of a cross-species small-interfering RNA against mammalian target of rapamycin

Successful development of sequence-specific siRNA (small interfering RNA)-based drugs requires an siRNA design that functions consistently in different organisms. Utilizing the CAPSID program previously developed by our group, we here designed siRNAs against mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that are entirely complementary among various species and investigated their multispecies-compatible gene-silencing properties. The mTOR siRNAs markedly reduced mTOR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in human, mouse, and monkey cell lines. The reduction in mTOR expression resulted in inactivation of both mTOR complex I and II signaling pathways, as confirmed by reduced phosphorylation of p70S6K (70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase), 4EBP1 (eIF4E-binding protein 1), and AKT, and nuclear accumulation of FOXO1 (forkhead box O1), with consequent cell-cycle arrest, proliferation inhibition, and autophagy activation. Moreover, interfering with mTOR activity in vivo using mTOR small-hairpin RNA-expressing recombinant adeno-associated virus led to significant antitumor effects in xenograft and allograft models. Thus, the present study demonstrates that cross-species siRNA successfully silences its target and readily produces multispecies-compatible phenotypic alterations-antitumor effects in the case of mTOR siRNA. Application of cross-species siRNA should greatly facilitate the development of siRNA-based therapeutic agents.     

Maize HapMap2 identifies extant variation from a genome in flux

Whereas breeders have exploited diversity in maize for yield improvements, there has been limited progress in using beneficial alleles in undomesticated varieties. Characterizing standing variation in this complex genome has been challenging, with only a small fraction of it described to date. Using a population genetics scoring model, we identified 55 million SNPs in 103 lines across pre-domestication and domesticated Zea mays varieties, including a representative from the sister genus Tripsacum. We find that structural variations are pervasive in the Z. mays genome and are enriched at loci associated with important traits. By investigating the drivers of genome size variation, we find that the larger Tripsacum genome can be explained by transposable element abundance rather than an allopolyploid origin. In contrast, intraspecies genome size variation seems to be controlled by chromosomal knob content. There is tremendous overlap in key gene content in maize and Tripsacum, suggesting that adaptations from Tripsacum (for example, perennialism and frost and drought tolerance) can likely be integrated into maize.     

A genome-wide association study in Han Chinese identifies new susceptibility loci for ankylosing spondylitis

To identify susceptibility loci for ankylosing spondylitis, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study in Han Chinese. In the discovery stage, we analyzed 1,356,350 autosomal SNPs in 1,837 individuals with ankylosing spondylitis and 4,231 controls; in the validation stage, we analyzed 30 suggestive SNPs in an additional 2,100 affected individuals and 3,496 controls. We identified two new susceptibility loci between EDIL3 and HAPLN1 at 5q14.3 (rs4552569; P = 8.77 × 10(-10)) and within ANO6 at 12q12 (rs17095830; P = 1.63 × 10(-8)). We also confirmed previously reported associations in Europeans within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region (top SNP, rs13202464; P < 5 × 10(-324)) and at 2p15 (rs10865331; P = 1.98 × 10(-8)). We show that rs13202464 within the MHC region mainly represents the risk effect of HLA-B*27 variants (including HLA-B*2704, HLA-B*2705 and HLA-B*2715) in Chinese. The two newly discovered loci implicate genes related to bone formation and cartilage development, suggesting their potential involvement in the etiology of ankylosing spondylitis.     

华西雨屏区不同人工植被类型下土壤氮库及其有效性

为了解华西雨屏区人工植被类型对土壤氮库及其有效性的影响,选取华西雨屏区7种典型人工植被类型：橘树（Glycosmis cochinchinensi5）迹地、橘树林地、巨桉（Eucalyptus grandis）林地、玉米（Zeamays）地、香樟（Cinnamonum camphora）林地、柚子（Citrus mnxima）林地和桃树（Pmnnus persica）林地,于2010年7月分别采集土壤根层与根下层原状土样,分析其氮库及有效性。结果表明,华西雨屏区几种典型人工植被类型均表现出较大的氮库特征,但不同人工植被类型间具有较大的差异。相对于其他植被类型,玉米地根层和根下层土壤氮库均相对较小,而橘树、柚子和桃树林地根层土壤氮库相对较大,巨桉、香樟和桃树林地根下层土壤氮库相对较大。然而,玉米地具有较高的根层土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,但巨桉林地具有较低的根下层土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量。这些结果为区域氮素合理利用、土地利用结构调整以及生态环境建设提供了一定理论依据。     

Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling genes in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common type of bladder cancer. Here we sequenced the exomes of nine individuals with TCC and screened all the somatically mutated genes in a prevalence set of 88 additional individuals with TCC with different tumor stages and grades. In our study, we discovered a variety of genes previously unknown to be mutated in TCC. Notably, we identified genetic aberrations of the chromatin remodeling genes (UTX, MLL-MLL3, CREBBP-EP300, NCOR1, ARID1A and CHD6) in 59% of our 97 subjects with TCC. Of these genes, we showed UTX to be altered substantially more frequently in tumors of low stages and grades, highlighting its potential role in the classification and diagnosis of bladder cancer. Our results provide an overview of the genetic basis of TCC and suggest that aberration of chromatin regulation might be a hallmark of bladder cancer.     

乌骨藤化学成分和生物活性研究进展

综述了近年来乌骨藤化学成分和生物活性研究方面的进展,主要包括化学成分、生物活性、临床应用概述,并对它的研究和应用前景作了展望。     

中条山混沟原始森林地区野生药用植物资源研究

在混沟植物区系分析研究的基础上,对混沟地区的野生药用植物资源进行了初步统计,药用植物共有94科234属304种,按照其功效分为13类,并对该地区的野生药用植物资源的保护和利用进行了讨论.