Dynamic mass variation and multiphase interaction among steel,slag, lining refractory and nonmetallic inclusions: Laboratory experiments and mathematical prediction

The mass transfer among the multiphase interactions among the steel, slag, lining refractory, and nonmetallic inclusions during the refining process of a bearing steel was studied using laboratory experiments and numerical kinetic prediction. Experiments on the system with and without the slag phase were carried out to evaluate the influence of the refractory and the slag on the mass transfer. A mathematical model coupled the ion and molecule coexistence theory, coupled-reaction model, and the surface renewal theory was established to predict the dy-namic mass transfer and composition transformation of the steel, the slag, and nonmetallic inclusions in the steel. During the refining process, Al2O3 inclusions transformed into MgO inclusions owing to the mass transfer of [Mg] at the steel/refractory interface and (MgO) at the slag/re-fractory interface. Most of the aluminum involved in the transport entered the slag and a small part of the aluminum transferred to lining re-fractory, forming the Al2O3 or MgO·Al2O3. The slag had a significant acceleration effect on the mass transfer. The mass transfer rate (or the re-action rate) of the system with the slag was approximately 5 times larger than that of the system without the slag. In the first 20 min of the re-fining, rates of magnesium mass transfer at the steel/inclusion interface, steel/refractory interface, and steel/slag interface were x, 1.1x, and 2.2x, respectively. The composition transformation of inclusions and the mass transfer of magnesium and aluminum in the steel were predicted with an acceptable accuracy using the established kinetic model.     

用于高性能超级电容器的基于蚕沙的二氧化锰/碳纳米复合材料

MnO₂/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction. Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor, which was activated by ZnCl₂ and FeCl₃ combining chemical agents under Ar atmosphere. Thin and flower-like MnO₂ nanowires were in-situ anchored on the surface of the biomass carbon. The biomass carbon not only offered high conductivity and good structural stability but also relieved the large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process. The obtained MnO₂/biomass carbon nanocomposite electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance (238 F·g?1 at 0.5 A·g?1) and a superior cycling stability with only 7% degradation after 2000 cycles. The observed good electrochemical performance is accredited to the materials’ high specific surface area, multilevel hierarchical structure, and good conductivity. This study proposes a promising method that utilizes biological waste and broadens MnO₂-based electrode material application for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.     

低轨星座导航增强能力研究与仿真

低轨卫星星座具有几何图形变化快、落地信号功率强、全球天基监测覆盖等天然优势,可对中高轨全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)星座进行有效补充和增强,提升全球定位、导航与授时(Positioning,Navigation and Timing,PNT)服务的精度、完好性、可用性和抗干扰等能力,已成为下一代卫星导航系统重要的发展方向.本文总结了国内外低轨星座发展现状,对不同低轨星座进行了分析和设计,对低轨星座提升导航定位精度、加速精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning,PPP)收敛、全球天基监测等导航增强能力进行了分析,重点论证了低轨星座突破现有中高轨GNSS技术瓶颈的机遇和体系增量能力,给出了相应的仿真分析结果,以期对我国低轨星座和北斗卫星导航系统的融合发展提供参考和建议.     

江淮东部平原晚更新世末植被演替及气候变化

在对位于江淮东部平原的江苏兴化蒋家舍地层剖面进行野外考察采样、AMS14 C年代测定和孢粉分析的基础上,初步探讨了研究区晚更新世末的植被演替及气候变化.结果表明:1)27.9-13.5cal.ka BP,剖面中孢粉含量高,植物的科属也丰富.其中,27.9-26.7cal.ka BP、14.5-14.2 cal.ka BP时段研究区植被为针阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖较湿润,而26.7-14.5 cal.ka BP期间地层出现沉积间断,气候寒冷干燥;14.2-13.5 cal.ka BP时段草本植物含量较高,总体为针阔叶混交林草原植被,气候温凉稍干.2)13.5-12.6cal.ka BP,剖面中孢粉含量较低,植物的科属也较贫乏,木本植物所占百分比较低,草本植物花粉含量相对较高.其中,13.5-12.8 cal.ka BP为覆盖度趋低的针阔叶混交林或草原植被,气候向干冷发展,12.8-12.6 cal.ka BP时段为针阔叶混交林植被,木本植物含量有所上升,反映气候稍暖湿.3)针叶乔木松属花粉和蕨类植物水蕨科植物孢子在剖面中自下而上均有不同程度的分布,常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶类出现率较低,这种现象跟当地现代植被的植物组合略有差异.     

亚稳奥氏体对高强度海洋工程用钢力学性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、组织观察等方法研究临界退火和不同温度回火对海洋工程用钢显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,实验钢经两相区退火和不同温度回火后,获得了回火马氏体及不同体积分数(0~6%)的残余奥氏体.随实验钢中残余奥氏体体积分数的增加,屈服强度从753MPa降低到506MPa,抗拉强度介于794~843MPa,屈强比从0.9降低到0.6,延伸率从31.3%提高到36.2%.实验钢中残余奥氏体能够提高冲击塑性变形能力并阻碍裂纹扩展,在-80℃冲击功达到236J,然而热稳定性差的残余奥氏体在低温下优先转变成马氏体并降低了低温韧性,冲击功下降到136J.     

一种实用的大功率光伏逆变器窄脉冲抑制方法

针对窄脉冲会严重影响大功率逆变器系统可靠运行的普遍现象,在分析窄脉冲的危害及其产生原理基础上,指出了影响窄脉冲产生的主要因素是调制比大小,据此提出一种在脉冲宽度调制(PWM)递增递减模式下的窄脉冲抑制策略,并进行实验验证。结果表明,采用的窄脉冲抑制算法能有效抑制窄脉冲信号,避免窄脉冲对系统控制的危害,提高系统控制的稳定性和安全性。     

地铁车站小直径管幕工法开挖变形规律

沈阳地铁市府大路站是采用小直径管幕工法施工的地铁暗挖车站.通过有限差分软件FLAC^3D建立车站结构-地层三维模型,分析总结了小直径管幕工法动态开挖过程引起的地层及主体结构的位移变形规律.结果表明:小直径管幕工法开挖过程引起的地表沉降具有明显的阶段性,沉降槽形态在群洞效应和管幕预支护作用的影响下变化频繁,横导洞间土体开挖阶段引起的地表沉降占到了最终沉降的50.54%,该阶段是地表沉降控制的关键阶段;管幕-梁-桩-柱施工完成后,主体结构变形表现出良好的协同作用,横梁竖向变形表现为车站两端小中间大,边桩及中柱的水平位移在负二层施工期间增长显著,占到了水平位移最大值的47.1%和55.8%,该阶段是控制主体结构变形的关键阶段.     

基于海林格距离加权关键主元的流程工业故障检测研究

在采用主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）算法进行故障检测时,主元的选取及处理直接影响其故障检测的表现。对此,提出一种基于全变量表达（full variable expression,FVE）和海林格距离（Hellinger distance,HD）的故障检测方法。首先,利用FVE得到所有关键主元,即保留所有变量信息;然后考虑到与故障相关主元的重要性,定义基于海林格距离的变化率,用来衡量正常工况下主元与异常工况下主元的差异;对与故障发生更相关的主元进行加权,以突出与故障相关主元对于后续故障检测的影响;最后,考虑到降维后数据通常服从非高斯分布,利用改进的局部离群因子（local outlier factor,LOF）构建统计量,其相应控制限通过核密度估计（kernel density estimation,KDE）确定。数值实例及带钢热连轧实际生产数据验证了所提方法的有效性与优越性。     

酵母耐高温分子机制的研究进展

耐高温是酵母在工业生产中的重要特性之一.近年来,人们对耐高温酵母的应用研究日益重视并取得较大的进展,但其耐高温分子机制尚未明确.目前的研究结果表明,酵母耐高温机制涉及代谢网络调控、信号转导途径及多基因/蛋白共同作用等方面.本文从代谢途径、基因表达、酶活特性和蛋白质相互作用等4个方面综述当前酵母耐高温分子机制的研究进展,...     

农村“留守初中生”学业不良原因分析及教育对策

农村“留守初中生”学业不良具有普遍性，令人担忧，其原因具有多方面的特殊性。针对这一独特群体，采取培养其自主学习能力、增强学习的独立性，改善其不良心态、维护心理健康，建立课外学习伙伴群体、开展合作学习，指导家庭教育、净化农村文化环境、整合各种教育力量等教育对策，可以有效地改善其学业不良状况，这也是提高农村初中阶段的教育质量，促进所有农村青少年健康发展的重要举措。