全文获取类型
收费全文 | 15591篇 |
免费 | 1057篇 |
国内免费 | 595篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 1592篇 |
丛书文集 | 285篇 |
教育与普及 | 186篇 |
理论与方法论 | 306篇 |
现状及发展 | 920篇 |
研究方法 | 23篇 |
综合类 | 13928篇 |
自然研究 | 3篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 37篇 |
2023年 | 91篇 |
2022年 | 179篇 |
2021年 | 174篇 |
2020年 | 149篇 |
2019年 | 85篇 |
2018年 | 824篇 |
2017年 | 862篇 |
2016年 | 579篇 |
2015年 | 324篇 |
2014年 | 407篇 |
2013年 | 436篇 |
2012年 | 722篇 |
2011年 | 1448篇 |
2010年 | 1329篇 |
2009年 | 960篇 |
2008年 | 1030篇 |
2007年 | 1356篇 |
2006年 | 462篇 |
2005年 | 464篇 |
2004年 | 564篇 |
2003年 | 683篇 |
2002年 | 878篇 |
2001年 | 695篇 |
2000年 | 426篇 |
1999年 | 444篇 |
1998年 | 231篇 |
1997年 | 236篇 |
1996年 | 207篇 |
1995年 | 163篇 |
1994年 | 176篇 |
1993年 | 127篇 |
1992年 | 114篇 |
1991年 | 114篇 |
1990年 | 70篇 |
1989年 | 84篇 |
1988年 | 52篇 |
1987年 | 30篇 |
1986年 | 20篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Global Optimization in Any Minkowski Metric: A Permutation-Translation Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Multidimensional Scaling 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
It is well known that considering a non-Euclidean Minkowski metric in Multidimensional Scaling, either for the distance model
or for the loss function, increases the computational problem of local minima considerably. In this paper, we propose an algorithm
in which both the loss function and the composition rule can be considered in any Minkowski metric, using a multivariate randomly
alternating Simulated Annealing procedure with permutation and translation phases. The algorithm has been implemented in Fortran
and tested over classical and simulated data matrices with sizes up to 200 objects. A study has been carried out with some
of the common loss functions to determine the most suitable values for the main parameters. The experimental results confirm
the theoretical expectation that Simulated Annealing is a suitable strategy to deal by itself with the optimization problems
in Multidimensional Scaling, in particular for City-Block, Euclidean and Infinity metrics. 相似文献
82.
LIU JianCai XU JiaKai NING XinBao TIAN Run 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(17):2438-2442
The characterization of non-stationary signal requires joint time and frequency information. However, time and frequency are a pair of non-commuting variables that cannot constitute a joint probability density in the time-frequency plane. The time-frequency distributions have difficult interpretation problems arising from negative and complex values or spurious components. In this paper, we get time-frequency information from the marginal distributions in rotated directions in the time-frequency plane. The rigorous probability interpretation of the marginal distributions is without any ambiguities. This time-frequency transformation is similar to the computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT) and is applied to signal analysis and signal detection and reveals a lot of advantages especially in the signal detection of the low signal/noise (S/N). 相似文献
83.
Alexandra Sauer 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2008,21(6):497-515
The participation of non-state actors in implementation processes is often understood as a means to increase compliance efficiency.
But the implementation of spatial policies frequently focuses on pre-established goals, processes and instruments and thus
renders difficult open discourse and shared decision-making. This paper introduces conflict pattern analysis (CPA) as a tool
that supports the analysis of the actual actor constellation in order to define efficient approaches that avoid common problems
of participatory processes. CPA is a semi-formalised method that helps to identify key-actors, their relations and interaction
amongst each other as well as their core beliefs, interests and resources. It aggregates this information to interaction patterns
that can be compared, classified and linked to different participatory methods on a theoretically informed basis. Particularly
on the local and regional level, this could be the first step for successful (participatory) implementation strategies. 相似文献
84.
S. K. MISHRA Shouyang WANG K. K. LAI 《系统科学与复杂性》2007,20(3):344-349
In this paper, we introduce a new class of generalized convex function, namely, a-pseudounivex function, by combining the concepts of pseudo-univex and α-invex functions. Further, we establish some relationships between vector variational-like inequality problems and vector optimization problems under the assumptions of α-pseudo-univex functions. Results obtained in this paper present a refinement and improvement of previously known results. 相似文献
85.
A theoretical model for mid-and low-latitude ionospheric electric fields in realistic geomagnetic fields 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The geomagnetic fields, which play important roles in the ionospheric dynamo, can greatly affect the global distribution of ionospheric electric fields, currents and other ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena. In the study of ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena, such as the longitudinal variations of ionospheric electric fields, the non-dipolar component of the geomagnetic fields must be taken into account. In this paper, we deduce a theoretical electric field model for ionospheric dynamo at mid- and low-latitude which adopt a modified magnetic apex coordinates system. In the new electric field model, the geomagnetic fields can be calculated from either the IGRF model or the dipole field model, and the neutral winds and conductivities are calculated based on empirical models. Then the dynamo equation for the electric potential is finally solved in terms of the line-by-line iteration method, and the ionospheric electric fields and currents are derived from the calculated potential. Our model can reproduce the main features of the ionospheric electrodynamics processes, so it will be a useful tool for the investigation of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. 相似文献
86.
87.
采用了双参数变分方法,计算了锂原子的基态能量,其结果较用单参数变分方法在精度上有所提高。 相似文献
88.
针对孝昌县农村人口、土地、区位、粮食、资源等因素,从孝昌县自然社会经济条件出发,分析了孝昌县持续农业和农村发展面临的困境以及潜在优势,探讨了孝昌县持续农业和农村发展的方向,指出持续农业和农村发展的综合举措,旨在谋求贫困县脱贫致富奔小康的路子。 相似文献
89.
90.
WEN Wei-ping QING Si-han . Institute of Software the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China .Engineering Research Center for Information Security Technology the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China .Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《武汉大学学报:自然科学英文版》2005,10(1):83-88
With the explosive growth of network applications, the threat of the malicious code against network security becomes increasingly serious. In this paper we explore the mechanism of the malicious code by giving an attack model of the maliciouscode, and discuss the critical techniques of implementation and prevention against the malicious code. The remaining problems and emerging trends in this area are also addressed in the paper. 相似文献