Effect of phosphonic analogues of glutamic acid on glutamate decarboxylase

Among the phosphonic analogues of glutamic acid, only 4-amino-4-phosphono butyric acid, the compound which shows the highest affinity for pyridoxal phosphate, inhibits competitively both Escherichia coli and rat brain glutamate decarboxylases. Phosphinothricin, 2-amino-4-(methylphosphino)butyric acid, is a strong inhibitor of the mammalian enzyme.     

Diffusion mechanism in molten salt baths during the production of carbide coatings via thermal reactive diffusion

The diffusion mechanism of carbide-forming elements from a molten salt bath to a substrate surface was studied in this research, with particular focus on the processes occurring in the molten bath at the time of coating. Metal, oxide, and metal-oxide baths were investigated, and the coating process was performed on H13 steel substrates. Scanning electron microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis were used to study the coated samples and the quenched salt bath. The thickness of the carbide coating layer was 6.5 ±0.5, 5.2 ±0.5, or 5.7 ±0.5 μm depending on whether it was deposited in a metal, oxide, or metal-oxide bath, respectively. The phase distribution of vanadium-rich regions was 63%, 57%, and 74% of the total coating deposited in metal, oxide, and metal-oxide baths, respectively. The results obtained using the metal bath indicated that undissolved suspended metal particles deposited onto the substrate surface. Then, carbon subsequently diffused to the substrate surface and reacted with the metal particles to form the carbides. In the oxide bath, oxide powders dissolved in the bath with or without binding to the oxidative structure (Na₂O) of borax; they were then reduced by aluminum and converted into metal particles. We concluded that, in the metal and oxide baths, the deposition of metal particles onto the sample surface is an important step in the formation of the coating.