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61.
Omar S. Donaires Marília G. Pinheiro Luciana O. Cezarino Luiz H. Ostanel Dante P. Martinelli 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2010,23(3):221-236
This article presents a proposal of a systemic model composed for the micro and small companies (MSE) of the region of Ribeirão Preto and the agents which influenced their environment. The proposed model was based on Stafford Beer’s (Diagnosing the system for organizations. Chichester, Wiley, 1985) systemic methodologies VSM (Viable System Model) and on Werner Ulrich’s (1983) CSH (Critical Systems Heuristics). The VSM is a model for the diagnosis of the structure of an organization and of its flows of information through the application of the cybernetics concepts (Narvarte, In El Modelo del Sistema Viable—MSV: experiencias de su aplicación en Chile. Proyecto Cerebro Colectivo del IAS, Santiago, 2001). On the other hand, CSH focus on the context of the social group applied to the systemic vision as a counterpoint to the organizational management view considered by the VSM. MSE of Ribeirão Preto and Sertãozinho had been analyzed as organizations inserted in systems that relate and integrate with other systems concerning the public administration, entities of representation and promotion agencies. The research questions: which are the bonds of interaction among the subsystems in this process and who are the agents involved? The systemic approach not only diagnosed a social group, formed by MSE of Ribeirão Preto and Sertãozinho, public authorities and support entities, but could also delineate answers that aimed the clarification of obscure questions generating financial assistance to the formularization of efficient actions for the development of this system. 相似文献
62.
María E. Ocasio-Torres Tugrul Giray Todd A. Crowl Alberto M. Sabat 《Journal of Natural History》2015,49(25-26):1493-1506
Predators may affect prey through inducible defences that can alter prey phenotype. The shrimp Xiphocaris elongata exhibits a short rostrum (SR) in the absence of fish predators and a long rostrum (LR) in their presence. The long rostrum in X. elongata is inducible by the predatory fish Agonostomus monticola (mountain mullet). Our objective was to test whether the long rostrum is an effective antipredator defence against A. monticola in different stages of predator–prey interactions (i.e. choice, attacks, bites, rejections, handling time and survival). We conducted behavioural experiments in fish tanks in which we fed A. monticola simultaneously with (1) one LR shrimp and one SR shrimp, or (2) one LR shrimp and one shrimp which originally had a long rostrum but whose rostrum was cut (LR[S]). We scored the fish behaviours in terms of choice, unsuccessful attacks, bites, rejections and handling time. We also conducted mortality experiments in closed artificial pools in which we exposed (1) 10 LR and 10 SR shrimp or (2) 10 LR and 10 LR[S] shrimp to A. monticola, and quantified shrimp survival after 24 h. In the trials with LR and SR shrimp, A. monticola tended to attack SR shrimp first. LR shrimp were unsuccessfully attacked, bitten and rejected more than SR individuals. Handling time was higher for LR shrimp. The mortality experiments show higher survival of LR shrimp. In the trials with LR and LR[S] shrimp, A. monticola tended to attack LR[S] shrimp first. Unsuccessful attacks were similar for LR and LR[S]. There were more bites and rejections and longer handling time for LR shrimp. Survival was similar for LR and LR[S] shrimp in the mortality experiments. This study provides evidence in support of the hypothesis that the long rostrum in X. elongata is an effective antipredator defence against A. monticola by conferring benefits in most stages of the predator–prey interactions. 相似文献
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64.
J. L. R. Arrondo María José Sancho J. M. Macarulla 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1978,34(8):1099-1100
Summary Single injections of thyroid hormone (T3) produce liver glycogen depletion in chickens. This effect cannot be suppressed by protein synthesis inhibitors and is previous to the hormone-induced increase in protein synthesis. 相似文献
65.
M. V. Londner J. C. Morini María Teresa Font S. L. Rabasa 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1968,24(6):598-600
Resumen Se estudió el efecto del ARN proveniente del bazo de ratas inmunizadas a un sarcoma transplantable (Sarcoma E 100) en el crecimiento del mismo. Se inyectó ARN normal y ARN de ratas inmunizadas a dos grupos de animales 5 días antes de la implantación del tumor, tomándose un tercer grupo como testigo normal. Los animales que recibieron el ARN inmune tuvieron tumores más pequeños que los de los dos testigos (p < 0.01), a los 30 días después del injerto. Se formula la hipótesis de que el ARN inmune posee la información (memoria inmunológica) para transformar una respuesta inmunitaria primaria en secundaria.
This work was supported in part by a grant from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas. 相似文献
This work was supported in part by a grant from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas. 相似文献
66.
Renée A. Corral O. O. Orazi María E. González 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1976,32(3):284-285
Summary The guanidine function can be detected and its substitution pattern determined taking into account the1H-NMR signals of the N–H and N–C–H groups. Satisfactory results were obtained with mono-to penta-substituted guanidines (as picrate salts).Part XX ofStudies on Plants; preceding part,R. A. Corral, O. O. Orazi andI. A. Benages, Tetrahedron29, 205 (1973). 相似文献
67.
J Costentin H Mar?ais P Protais M Baudry M P Martres J C Schwartz 《Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Série D, Sciences naturelles》1977,284(2):143-146
The sensitivity of dopamine receptors in Mouse striatum has been evaluated both behaviourally (responsiveness to apomorphine as regarviour) and biochemically (striatal level of homovanillic acid and its decrease induced by apomorphine) After a single administration of apomorphine (0.25 mg.kg-1 or 5 mg.kg-1) or piribedil, another dopamine agonist, a state of "behavioural facilitation" develops which differs from the state of hypersensitivity following blockade. This state of facilitation is characterized by a lower threshold dose of apomorphine eliciting the stereotyped behaviour, without modification of the response to higher doses. In contrast with the state of hypersensitivity, the level of homovanillic acid is not modified and the decrease of this level by a low dose of apomorphine is less important. The hypothesis is put forward that "behavioural facilitation" results from the hyposensitivity of a class of dopamine receptors, possibly autoreceptors, mediating an impaired activity of dopaminergic neurons and, consequently, inhibitory behavioural effects. 相似文献
68.
Darío Acuña-Castroviejo Ibtissem Rahim Carlos Acuña-Fernández Marisol Fernández-Ortiz Jorge Solera-Marín Ramy K. A. Sayed María E. Díaz-Casado Iryna Rusanova Luis C. López Germaine Escames 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2017,74(21):3965-3987
After the characterization of the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the expression of clock genes was identified in several peripheral tissues including the immune system. The hierarchical control from the central clock to peripheral clocks extends to other functions including endocrine, metabolic, immune, and mitochondrial responses. Increasing evidence links the disruption of the clock genes expression with multiple diseases and aging. Chronodisruption is associated with alterations of the immune system, immunosenescence, impairment of energy metabolism, and reduction of pineal and extrapineal melatonin production. Regarding sepsis, a condition coursing with an exaggerated response of innate immunity, experimental and clinical data showed an alteration of circadian rhythms that reflects the loss of the normal oscillation of the clock. Moreover, recent data point to that some mediators of the immune system affects the normal function of the clock. Under specific conditions, this control disappears reactivating the immune response. So, it seems that clock gene disruption favors the innate immune response, which in turn induces the expression of proinflammatory mediators, causing a further alteration of the clock. Here, the clock control of the mitochondrial function turns off, leading to a bioenergetic decay and formation of reactive oxygen species that, in turn, activate the inflammasome. This arm of the innate immunity is responsible for the huge increase of interleukin-1β and entrance into a vicious cycle that could lead to the death of the patient. The broken clock is recovered by melatonin administration, that is accompanied by the normalization of the innate immunity and mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, this review emphasizes the connection between clock genes, innate immunity and mitochondria in health and sepsis, and the role of melatonin to maintain clock homeostasis. 相似文献
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