哈特曼装置上粉尘浓度的测量

粉尘浓度和湍流速度对粉尘爆炸猛烈程度和粉尘云最小着火能的测试有很大影响.针对1.2 L哈特曼装置上的粉尘浓度进行了测量研究,并对测量数据进行了分析讨论,得到了1.2 L哈特曼管上不同位置高度的粉尘浓度随时间的变化曲线.粉尘浓度随哈特曼管高度位置分布很不均匀.对于哈特曼管电极位置高度,当点火延迟时间170 ms、计算浓度为500 g/m3时,其粉尘测量浓度近似等于计算浓度;当计算浓度低于500 g/m3时,其测量浓度高于计算浓度.当计算浓度大于500 g/m3时,测量浓度低于计算浓度.哈特曼管上粉尘浓度随高度分布的获得,为最小着火能在不同装置上的测试比较提供了数据,为粉尘爆炸数学模型的检验提供了...     

Re-situating fieldwork and re-narrating disciplinary history in global mega-geomorphology

In 1985, more than thirty geomorphologists, planetary scientists, and remote sensing specialists gathered at a conference center in Oracle, Arizona, to discuss an emerging area of research that they called “mega-geomorphology.” Building on a conference of the same name held in London in 1981, they argued that new techniques of remote sensing and insights emerging from the study of extraterrestrial planets had created opportunities for geomorphology to broaden its spatial and temporal scope. This new approach was, however, neither unproblematic nor uncontested. In the discussions around mega-geomorphology that took place in the mid-1980s, the perceived conflict between the use of remote-sensing techniques to observe phenomena on vast spatial scales, on one hand, and the disciplinary centrality of fieldwork and field experience to geomorphology, on the other, was a recurrent theme. In response, mega-geomorphologists attempted to re-situate fieldwork and re-narrate disciplinary histories in such a way as to make remote sensing and planetary science not only compatible with geomorphological traditions but also means of revitalizing them. Only partially successful, these attempts reveal that the process of adopting a planetary perspective in geomorphology, as in other earth sciences, was neither straightforward nor inevitable. They also show how the field and fieldwork could remain central to geomorphology while also being extensively revised in light of new technical possibilities and theoretical frameworks.     

Requirements for leukocyte transmigration via the transmembrane chemokine CX3CL1

The surface-expressed transmembrane CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1/fractalkine) induces firm adhesion of leukocytes expressing its receptor CX3CR1. After shedding by the disintegrins and metalloproteinases (ADAM) 10 and 17, CX3CL1 also acts as soluble leukocyte chemoattractant. Here, we demonstrate that transmembrane CX3CL1 expressed on both endothelial and epithelial cells induces leukocyte transmigration. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we generated CX3CR1 variants lacking the intracellular aspartate-arginine-tyrosine (DRY) motif or the intracellular C-terminus which led to a defect in intracellular calcium response and impaired ligand uptake, respectively. While both variants effectively mediated firm cell adhesion, they failed to induce transmigration and rather mediated retention of leukocytes on the CX3CL1-expressing cell layer. Targeting of ADAM10 led to increased adhesion but reduced transmigration in response to transmembrane CX3CL1, while transmigration towards soluble CX3CL1 was not affected. Thus, transmembrane CX3CL1 mediates leukocyte transmigration via the DRY motif and C-terminus of CX3CR1 and the activity of ADAM10.     

Potassium and sodium transport in non-animal cells: the Trk/Ktr/HKT transporter family

Bacterial Trk and Ktr, fungal Trk and plant HKT form a family of membrane transporters permeable to K⁺ and/or Na⁺ and characterized by a common structure probably derived from an ancestral K⁺ channel subunit. This transporter family, specific of non-animal cells, displays a large diversity in terms of ionic permeability, affinity and energetic coupling (H⁺–K⁺ or Na⁺–K⁺ symport, K⁺ or Na⁺ uniport), which might reflect a high need for adaptation in organisms living in fluctuating or dilute environments. Trk/Ktr/HKT transporters are involved in diverse functions, from K⁺ or Na⁺ uptake to membrane potential control, adaptation to osmotic or salt stress, or Na⁺ recirculation from shoots to roots in plants. Structural analyses of bacterial Ktr point to multimeric structures physically interacting with regulatory subunits. Elucidation of Trk/Ktr/HKT protein structures along with characterization of mutated transporters could highlight functional and evolutionary relationships between ion channels and transporters displaying channel-like features.     

Genome-wide association studies of 14 agronomic traits in rice landraces

Uncovering the genetic basis of agronomic traits in crop landraces that have adapted to various agro-climatic conditions is important to world food security. Here we have identified ～ 3.6 million SNPs by sequencing 517 rice landraces and constructed a high-density haplotype map of the rice genome using a novel data-imputation method. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 14 agronomic traits in the population of Oryza sativa indica subspecies. The loci identified through GWAS explained ～ 36% of the phenotypic variance, on average. The peak signals at six loci were tied closely to previously identified genes. This study provides a fundamental resource for rice genetics research and breeding, and demonstrates that an approach integrating second-generation genome sequencing and GWAS can be used as a powerful complementary strategy to classical biparental cross-mapping for dissecting complex traits in rice.     

Do Long‐Run Theory Restrictions Help in Forecasting?

Do long‐run equilibrium relations suggested by economic theory help to improve the forecasting performance of a cointegrated vector error correction model (VECM)? In this paper we try to answer this question in the context of a two‐country model developed for the Canadian and US economies. We compare the forecasting performance of the exactly identified cointegrated VECMs to the performance of the over‐identified VECMs with the long‐run theory restrictions imposed. We allow for model uncertainty and conduct this comparison for every possible combination of the cointegration ranks of the Canadian and US models. We show that the over‐identified structural cointegrated models generally outperform the exactly identified models in forecasting Canadian macroeconomic variables. We also show that the pooled forecasts generated from the over‐identified models beat most of the individual exactly identified and over‐identified models as well as the VARs in levels and in differences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rad51 and DNA-PKcs are involved in the generation of specific telomere aberrations induced by the quadruplex ligand 360A that impair mitotic cell progression and lead to cell death

Functional telomeres are protected from non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathways. Replication is a critical period for telomeres because of the requirement for reconstitution of functional protected telomere conformations, a process that involves DNA repair proteins. Using knockdown of DNA-PKcs and Rad51 expression in three different cell lines, we demonstrate the respective involvement of NHEJ and HR in the formation of telomere aberrations induced by the G-quadruplex ligand 360A during or after replication. HR contributed to specific chromatid-type aberrations (telomere losses and doublets) affecting the lagging strand telomeres, whereas DNA-PKcs-dependent NHEJ was responsible for sister telomere fusions as a direct consequence of G-quadruplex formation and/or stabilization induced by 360A on parental telomere G strands. NHEJ and HR activation at telomeres altered mitotic progression in treated cells. In particular, NHEJ-mediated sister telomere fusions were associated with altered metaphase-anaphase transition and anaphase bridges and resulted in cell death during mitosis or early G1. Collectively, these data elucidate specific molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by telomere targeting by the G-quadruplex ligand 360A, leading to cancer cell death.