Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes and is characteristic of a wide range of other clinical and experimental settings. Little is known about why insulin resistance occurs in so many contexts. Do the various insults that trigger insulin resistance act through a common mechanism? Or, as has been suggested, do they use distinct cellular pathways? Here we report a genomic analysis of two cellular models of insulin resistance, one induced by treatment with the cytokine tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and the other with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Gene expression analysis suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are increased in both models, and we confirmed this through measures of cellular redox state. ROS have previously been proposed to be involved in insulin resistance, although evidence for a causal role has been scant. We tested this hypothesis in cell culture using six treatments designed to alter ROS levels, including two small molecules and four transgenes; all ameliorated insulin resistance to varying degrees. One of these treatments was tested in obese, insulin-resistant mice and was shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Together, our findings suggest that increased ROS levels are an important trigger for insulin resistance in numerous settings.     

Birds of a Feather Protest Together: Theorizing Self-Organizing Political Protests with Flock Theory

The current research theorizes decentralized and self-organized political protests via flock theory (Rosen 2002), a theory of emergent self-organization in communicative human interaction. Flock theory draws from a theoretical basis of emergence and self-organizing systems, and is presented as a theory of decentralized communication structures. Focusing on the optimization of decentralized networks and roadmap based coordination of organizationally homopholous foci; the current theory poses a model of human interaction that captures the potentially egalitarian effects of cooperative evolution and collective action. Case studies of two separate decentralized political protests against Korean government and FARC are offered as evidences of such phenomena.     

肌肉自发振动过程中结合几率与化学反应速率的变化

定量分析肌球蛋白与肌动蛋白丝的结合几率及相关化学反应的速率常数,对于准确掌握肌肉收缩的内在机制具有非常重要的意义.以肌肉自发振动的实验结果为依据,从振动过程所满足的动力学方程出发,推导出结合几率与肌丝滑行速度及肌节长度之间的定量关系,并求得化学反应速率随肌肉收缩的速度变化而改变的数学规律.结果显示,结合几率的基准值由溶液中主要化学成分的浓度决定;结合几率的变化值与肌肉收缩的速度成正比,与肌节长度成反比;而化学反应速率随收缩速度按指数规律变化.上述结果与实验值基本一致.     

一种实用监控系统的人脸检测定位算法

对基于监控系统中彩色图像的人脸检测与定位方法进行了探讨,利用颜色对方向的不敏感来减少人脸区域的搜索范围,将颜色空间与Hough变换相结合实现人脸定位.首先在颜色空间YCbCr上建立肤色模型,并对肤色区域进行初步检测,然后利用自适应模糊Hough变换检测瞳孔所在的圆心,从而实现对人脸区域的精确定位.在Georgia Tech彩色人脸数据库上的实验结果表明:该方法能够较好地检测肤色偏黄的人脸,并且在人眼的定位阶段平均用时为0.1秒,满足数字监控中实时性的要求.     

大众体育思潮冲击下足球策略调整研究

通过问卷调查发现，现代青年对体育项目的喜爱中反映出的相对应的体育文化类型，首先是在休闲的生活方式的锻炼中有所追求展示技艺的体育项目，在此基础上分析足球运动项目不被现代青年所钟爱的原因为：社会发展的必然趋势；足球自身的特点限制了它的大众化传播；我国足球事业发展缺乏大众化策略．最后相应给出了一些对策．     

身体素质引导课存在的问题与改进办法

每学期初的两次体育课,称为身体素质引导课较为适当.目前,这类课型存在着“运动负荷安排不合理“、“练习顺序安排不适当“等问题;改进的方法是:分析问题存在的根本原因,提高教师素质,强化教学管理.     

采用WD倒谱法分析人体肾组织的超声散射微结构特征

提出了一种对超声散射信号分析的新方法———WD倒谱法 .利用该方法对人体正常肾和肾肿瘤组织的回波信号进行分析 ,与用AR倒谱法所得结果进行了比较 .结果表明 ,两种肾组织散射子的平均间距明显不同 ,WD倒谱比AR倒谱更能反映软组织的微观结构特征 ,说明WD倒谱是软组织超声散射信号分析与软组织散射子平均间距定征的一种有效方法     

CD69 acts downstream of interferon-alpha/beta to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs

Naive lymphocytes continually enter and exit lymphoid organs in a recirculation process that is essential for immune surveillance. During immune responses, the egress process can be shut down transiently. When this occurs locally it increases lymphocyte numbers in the responding lymphoid organ; when it occurs systemically it can lead to immunosuppression as a result of the depletion of recirculating lymphocytes. Several mediators of the innate immune system are known to cause shutdown, including interferon alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and tumour necrosis factor, but the mechanism has been unclear. Here we show that treatment with the IFN-alpha/beta inducer polyinosine polycytidylic acid (hereafter 'poly(I:C)') inhibited egress by a mechanism that was partly lymphocyte-intrinsic. The transmembrane C-type lectin CD69 was rapidly induced and CD69-/- cells were poorly retained in lymphoid tissues after treatment with poly(I:C) or infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Lymphocyte egress requires sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1), and IFN-alpha/beta was found to inhibit lymphocyte responsiveness to S1P. By contrast, CD69-/- cells retained S1P1 function after exposure to IFN-alpha/beta. In coexpression experiments, CD69 inhibited S1P1 chemotactic function and led to downmodulation of S1P1. In a reporter assay, S1P1 crosslinking led to co-crosslinking and activation of a CD69-CD3zeta chimaera. CD69 co-immunoprecipitated with S1P1 but not the related receptor, S1P3. These observations indicate that CD69 forms a complex with and negatively regulates S1P1 and that it functions downstream of IFN-alpha/beta, and possibly other activating stimuli, to promote lymphocyte retention in lymphoid organs.     

关于现代足球与中国传统人生观的探讨

足球传入我国至今已经一百多年,同时它伴随着西方足球思想对我国的现代化足球进程的影响,冲击着我国五千多年的传统人生价值观念.而近年来,我国学者对足球的研究逐渐转向了文化层面的研究上,它将对我国足球发展风格的定位起着重要积极作用.