基于PSR和SVM方法的化工过程单变量故障诊断

基于相空间重构(SPR)和支持向量机(SVM)算法本文提出了一种利用单一变量进行化工过程故障诊断的方法。首先进行变量筛选,然后对筛选出的关键变量进行相空间重构,再利用SVM对重构后的数据进行故障分类。通过对TE(Tennessee Eastman)过程几类故障进行仿真测试,结果表明在单一故障和多故障情况下,本方法均可实现化工过程的单变量故障诊断;与传统SVW方法相比,相空间重构可有效提高诊断正确率。此方法可为建立简单而有效的单变量故障诊断系统提供理论依据。     

Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys

Preclinical studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidates have typically shown post-infection virological control, but protection against acquisition of infection has previously only been reported against neutralization-sensitive virus challenges. Here we demonstrate vaccine protection against acquisition of fully heterologous, neutralization-resistant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges in rhesus monkeys. Adenovirus/poxvirus and adenovirus/adenovirus-vector-based vaccines expressing SIV(SME543) Gag, Pol and Env antigens resulted in an 80% or greater reduction in the per-exposure probability of infection against repetitive, intrarectal SIV(MAC251) challenges in rhesus monkeys. Protection against acquisition of infection showed distinct immunological correlates compared with post-infection virological control and required the inclusion of Env in the vaccine regimen. These data demonstrate the proof-of-concept that optimized HIV-1 vaccine candidates can block acquisition of stringent, heterologous, neutralization-resistant virus challenges in rhesus monkeys.     

竞赛题中的数学物理方法

本文研究了出现在解数学竞赛题中的一些新思想和新方法．包括物理学的基本原理，高等数学的基本思想和图论抽象化方法，并表明有效地使用这些新方法可以简捷地解决许多著名的竞赛数学题．     

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of total organic carbon （TOC） and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes, with the latter reported as weighted mean values. The two sets of δ^13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation. The spatial distribution of δ^13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes. This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing condi- tions for C4 plants. Furthermore, δ^13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ^13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant. Our data demonstrate that in eastern China, soil δ^13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation. This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good es- timated end members for the weighted mean δ^13C values of long-chain n-alkanes （C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes） from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation, allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.     

Water as dual functional cocatalyst: A theoretical study on the mechanism of direct aldol reaction on water catalyzed by a leucine derivative

The role of water and stereoselectivity in the direct syn-aldol reaction involving 3-pentanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde catalyzed by amino acid derivatives on water has been investigated by density functional theory. Calculations indicate that the formation of intermediate enamine is the rate determining step via a three-step process with activation enthalpies of 50 kcal/mol in the gas phase and 21 kcal/mol in the presence of water. The subsequent nucleophilic addition of enamine to aldehyde is relatively easier with activation enthalpies below 10 kcal/mol both in the gas phase and in the presence of water. The diastereoselective formation of syn- and anti-aldol products results from the preferential formation of Z-enamine to E-enamine, kinetically and thermodynamically. The enantioselectivity of both syn- and anti-products is controlled by the steric repulsive interactions between the amino alcohol moiety of catalyst and the phenyl ring of aldehyde. Calculations show that water molecule can act as a proton shuttle in the proton-transport catalytic processes. The water-assisted proton-transfer is very efficient to reduce the activation barriers via protonation and deprotonation in the formation of C–N and C–C bonds, dehydration, and β-elimination processes by inhibiting the generation of zwitterionic transition states. The theoretical discoveries indicate that in the present proton-transport assistance, the amino alcohol moiety of the catalyst plays a critical role as hydrogen bond donor to anchor substrates with carbonyl group close to the amine or enamine moiety so that the water molecule can bridge the NH of amine and the oxygen of carbonyl by hydrogen bonding interaction around the reactive site to activate the reactants and promote the reaction effectively.     

具有量子修正功能的三维蒙特卡罗MOS器件模拟

为了处理纳米MOS场效应管的量子效应，在蒙特卡罗模拟中引入有效势量子修正，并提出了基于PC机群的三维并行模拟算法．每个节点应用多层网格法求解一个子区域内各网格点的Poisson方程，采用有效势法对各网格点进行量子修正，并跟踪模拟一组带电粒子的加速飞行和随机散射运动，使所有节点的负载始终保持平衡．模拟实例表明，引入有效势修正的蒙特卡罗模拟结果与薛定鄂方程计算结果吻合得较好，所提并行算法也具有较高的加速比．     

GPS ZrO2(Y-TZP)-Si3N4复合材料的显微结构

采用透射电镜和扫描电镜对气氛加压烧结（ＧＰＳ）和ＺｒＯ２（Ｙ－ＴＺＰ）－ＳｉＮ４复合材料的显微结构进行了研究,发现主晶相β－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４中普遍存在位错,但分散于氮化硅基体中的ＺｒＯ２对位错有钉扎作用;并且发现ＺｒＯ２（Ｙ－ＴＺＰ）－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４复合材料中存在晶界玻璃相结晶化现象。     

复杂齿轮自动化及参数化有限元建模

针对复杂齿轮现有有限元建模过程中的诸多困难和不足,提出一种新的建模方法．该方法先把单个带有轮毂的轮齿分解为六个六面体子模型,再根据空间啮合原理及各子模型相互间的几何关系求出所有曲面上的离散点,最后用分层建模策略生成最终的有限元模型,整个建模过程可自动实现．该方法大大缩短了复杂齿轮的优化设计过程,与传统方法相比,新方法在效率、精度及模型的单元类型适应性等方面更具有优越性．     

Functional genomic screen reveals genes involved in lipid-droplet formation and utilization

Eukaryotic cells store neutral lipids in cytoplasmic lipid droplets enclosed in a monolayer of phospholipids and associated proteins. These dynamic organelles serve as the principal reservoirs for storing cellular energy and for the building blocks for membrane lipids. Excessive lipid accumulation in cells is a central feature of obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis, yet remarkably little is known about lipid-droplet cell biology. Here we show, by means of a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen in Drosophila S2 cells that about 1.5% of all genes function in lipid-droplet formation and regulation. The phenotypes of the gene knockdowns sorted into five distinct phenotypic classes. Genes encoding enzymes of phospholipid biosynthesis proved to be determinants of lipid-droplet size and number, suggesting that the phospholipid composition of the monolayer profoundly affects droplet morphology and lipid utilization. A subset of the Arf1-COPI vesicular transport proteins also regulated droplet morphology and lipid utilization, thereby identifying a previously unrecognized function for this machinery. These phenotypes are conserved in mammalian cells, suggesting that insights from these studies are likely to be central to our understanding of human diseases involving excessive lipid storage.