Regulatory networks define phenotypic classes of human stem cell lines

Stem cells are defined as self-renewing cell populations that can differentiate into multiple distinct cell types. However, hundreds of different human cell lines from embryonic, fetal and adult sources have been called stem cells, even though they range from pluripotent cells-typified by embryonic stem cells, which are capable of virtually unlimited proliferation and differentiation-to adult stem cell lines, which can generate a far more limited repertoire of differentiated cell types. The rapid increase in reports of new sources of stem cells and their anticipated value to regenerative medicine has highlighted the need for a general, reproducible method for classification of these cells. We report here the creation and analysis of a database of global gene expression profiles (which we call the 'stem cell matrix') that enables the classification of cultured human stem cells in the context of a wide variety of pluripotent, multipotent and differentiated cell types. Using an unsupervised clustering method to categorize a collection of approximately 150 cell samples, we discovered that pluripotent stem cell lines group together, whereas other cell types, including brain-derived neural stem cell lines, are very diverse. Using further bioinformatic analysis we uncovered a protein-protein network (PluriNet) that is shared by the pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells, embryonal carcinomas and induced pluripotent cells). Analysis of published data showed that the PluriNet seems to be a common characteristic of pluripotent cells, including mouse embryonic stem and induced pluripotent cells and human oocytes. Our results offer a new strategy for classifying stem cells and support the idea that pluripotency and self-renewal are under tight control by specific molecular networks.     

大学生人文教育的认识与实践

弘扬人文精神,强化人文教育,提高大学生人文素质是社会主义精神文明建设和发展社会主义先进文化的需要;是培养新世纪高质量人才的需要;是新时期建立健全完整的价值观体系的需要。考察和分析中国大学人文教育的现状,可以看出强化人文教育的现实必要性和迫切性。其途径主要有:贯穿以人为本的发展主线;改革教学内容和课程体系;提高教师的人文素质;积极营造良好的校园文化氛围;注重学生的社会实践。     

西班牙大学技术转移中心的成功经验分析

随着西班牙国家创新体系战略的实施,西班牙大学与产业界的技术转移活动日趋活跃,逐渐成为了大学技术转移活动开展得比较好的欧盟国家之一。首先从许可合同和衍生企业两个方面介绍了西班牙大学技术转移的具体情况,提出了大学技术转移中心的重要作用。继而提出政府法律法规的建立是西班牙大学技术转移中心成功运作的指导因素,国家大学技术转移协会是其组织保障,技术转移中心的人力资源是其决定因素,高水平的专利管理是其坚实基础,充足的资金资助是其支撑因素。最后,提出了对我国大学技术转移中心的借鉴意义。     

Effects of cutoff thresholds for minor allele frequencies on HapMap resolution: A real dataset-based evaluation of the Chinese Han and Tibetan populations

Genomic variation is the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity among individuals, including variation in disease susceptibility and drug response. The greatest promise of the International HapMap is to provide roadmaps for identifying genetic variants predisposing to complex diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） is the fundamental element of the HapMap. Allele frequency of SNPs is one of the major factors affecting the resulting HapMap, being the factor upon which linkage disequilibrium （LD） is calculated, haplotypes are constructed, and tagging SNPs （tagSNPs） are selected. The cutoff thresholds for the frequency of minor alleles used in the making of the map therefore have profound effects on the resolution of that map. To date most researchers have adopted their own cutoff thresh- olds, and there has been little real dataset-based evaluation of the effects of different cutoff thresholds on HapMap resolution. In an attempt to assess the implications of different cutoff values, we analyzed our own data for the centromeric genes on Chromosome 15 in Chinese Han and Tibetan populations, with respect to minor allele frequency cutoff values of 〉0.01 （0.01 group）, 〉0.05 （0.05 group）, and 〉0.10 （0.10 group）, and constructed HapMaps from each of the datasets. The resolution, study power and cost-effectiveness for each of the maps were compared. Our results show that the 0.01 threshold provides the greatest power （P= 0.019 in Han and P= 0.029 in Tibetan for 0.01 vs. 0.05 threshold） and de- tects most population-specific haploypes （P= 0.012 for 0.01 vs. 0.05 threshold）. However, in the regions studied, the 0.05 cutoff threshold did not significantly increase power above the 0.10 threshold （P = 0.191 in Han; 1.000 in Tibetans）, and did not improve resolution over the 0.10 value for population- specific haplotypes （P= 0.592） neither. Furthermore the 0.05 and 0.10 values produced the same figures for tagging efficiency, LD block number, LD length, study power and cost-savings in the Tibetan population. These results suggest that a lower cutoff value is more appropriate for studies in which population-specific haplotypes are crucial, and that the most appropriate cutoff value may differ between populations. Due to the limited genes studied in this project more studies should be conducted to further address this important issue.     

粘土固化剂防渗在芦洞水库中的应用

以芦洞水库大坝除险加固工程为实例,介绍了粘土固化剂防渗墙在土坝加固中的应用。粘土固化剂防渗施工在萍乡属于首例,该方案施工机械简单、造价低,能确保工程质量。     

转基因植物中外源基因的沉默

在转基因植物中外源基因不能正常表达,呈失活状态的现象称为基因沉默。造成基因沉默的因素主要有插入位置、重复序列和甲基化。基因沉默一般可以归为转录水平和转录后水平上。外源基因沉默阻碍了植物转基因技术在生产上广泛应用,根据对大量转基因植物的分析和研究,人们提出了造成基因沉默的可能机制,如ＲｄＲＰ－ｃＲＮＡ模型、ＲＮＡ阈值模型以及ＲｄＤＭ模型等。深入了解外源基因沉默的机制以提高基因表达效率,是顺利开展植物     

合成推理的插值实现

在对采用合成推理规则进行模糊推理的机制进行分析的基础上 ,给出了利用插值法也可以得到相同结果的原理 .在此基础上用实际例子说明了采用插值法实现合成推理的方法 ,结果表明采用插值法可以等效地实现合成推理 .     

土体结构与含水量对弹性波传播特性的影响

基于弹性波具有表征土体结构的特性,通过试验探究不同密度和含水量组合条件下的土体弹性波速度变化规律。结果表明：波速随着土体密度的增大缓慢增大,弹性波发射端土体越致密则距离波源最近的接收器测得的弹性波速度越高;弹性波是能量波的一种,受其传播距离以及土颗粒的阻碍会逐渐衰减;波速随含水量的增大而缓慢减小,土体从初始状态达到饱和状态波速降低了10%～30%。对土体密度和含水量引起弹性波速度的变化机制进行了解释,可以为基于弹性波的降雨型滑坡预警预报方法研究等提供参考依据。     

Technology for long cable erection of a thousand meter scale cable stayed bridge

In the background of the construction of Sutong Yangtze River Bridge （ short as Sutong Bridge ）, the cable construction method and techniques of a thousand-meter scale cable-stayed bridge are introduced. Some key construction techniques, such as outspreading cable on deck, installing cable at pylon, pulling and fixing cable at the attachment with decks and cable PE sheath protection are discussed.     

大丁草（Gerbera anandria（L．）Sch Bip．）对腺嘌呤诱导的慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠TGF—β1和ET-1mRNA表达的影响

采用Wistar大鼠灌胃腺嘌呤4周复制慢性肾衰模型后用大丁草水煎液进行灌胃治疗,4周后检测各组肾功能、肾脏组织病理学改变及转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和内皮素-1(ET-1)mRNA的表达结果发现大草组大鼠血肌酐和尿素氮浓度分别为(89.33±15.21),μmol/L和(21.52±3.95)mmol/L与治疗前的建模组(290.33±74.55)μmol/L和(32.30±2.35)mmol/L以及病理对照组(149.67±24.95)μmol/L和(33.18±2.95)mmol/L比较有所下降,经统计P<0.05,差异具有显著性与病理对照组相比大丁草组大鼠基因TGF-β1和ET-1表达也明显降低,与看家基因GAPDH的比值分别由(0.2026±0.0503)和(0.1949±0.0969)下降为(0.1285±0.0447)和(0.07810±0.0229),经统计P<0.05,差异具有显著性.由此认为大丁草对腺嘌呤所致慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠肾脏有保护作用,其机制可能是通过抑制TGF-β1和ET-1的表达来缓解肾脏损伤,恢复肾功能.