全文获取类型
收费全文 | 35243篇 |
免费 | 91篇 |
国内免费 | 115篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 273篇 |
丛书文集 | 612篇 |
教育与普及 | 104篇 |
理论与方法论 | 100篇 |
现状及发展 | 15556篇 |
研究方法 | 1274篇 |
综合类 | 17024篇 |
自然研究 | 506篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 198篇 |
2012年 | 414篇 |
2011年 | 918篇 |
2008年 | 531篇 |
2007年 | 586篇 |
2006年 | 588篇 |
2005年 | 597篇 |
2004年 | 634篇 |
2003年 | 610篇 |
2002年 | 530篇 |
2001年 | 1000篇 |
2000年 | 1017篇 |
1999年 | 629篇 |
1994年 | 359篇 |
1992年 | 601篇 |
1991年 | 504篇 |
1990年 | 574篇 |
1989年 | 520篇 |
1988年 | 532篇 |
1987年 | 545篇 |
1986年 | 564篇 |
1985年 | 728篇 |
1984年 | 536篇 |
1983年 | 496篇 |
1982年 | 409篇 |
1981年 | 419篇 |
1980年 | 519篇 |
1979年 | 1085篇 |
1978年 | 915篇 |
1977年 | 835篇 |
1976年 | 704篇 |
1975年 | 821篇 |
1974年 | 1022篇 |
1973年 | 901篇 |
1972年 | 929篇 |
1971年 | 1140篇 |
1970年 | 1383篇 |
1969年 | 1139篇 |
1968年 | 1035篇 |
1967年 | 1008篇 |
1966年 | 938篇 |
1965年 | 663篇 |
1964年 | 216篇 |
1959年 | 402篇 |
1958年 | 661篇 |
1957年 | 509篇 |
1956年 | 432篇 |
1955年 | 389篇 |
1954年 | 419篇 |
1948年 | 318篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
951.
Structure of pre-pro-von Willebrand factor and its expression in heterologous cells 总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30
D T Bonthron R I Handin R J Kaufman L C Wasley E C Orr L M Mitsock B Ewenstein J Loscalzo D Ginsburg S H Orkin 《Nature》1986,324(6094):270-273
Von Willebrand factor (vWF), a multifunctional haemostatic glycoprotein derived from endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, mediates platelet adhesion to injured subendothelium and binds coagulation factor VIII in the circulation. Native vWF is a disulphide-bonded homopolymer; the monomeric subunits, of apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) 220,000 (220K) are derived from an intracellular precursor estimated at 260-275K. Multimer assembly is preceded by the formation of dimers, linked near their C-termini, which then assemble into filamentous polymers. The importance of the removal of the large vWF pro-polypeptide during multimer assembly, and whether this or other stages of the complex post-translational processing require components specific to endothelial cells or megakaryocytes, is unknown. Here we report an analysis of the complete sequence of pre-pro-vWF and expression of the molecule in heterologous cells. The vWF precursor is composed of several repeated subdomains. When expressed in COS and CHO cells, it is cleaved and assembled into biologically active high relative molecular mass disulphide bonded multimers. This suggests that the information for assembly of this complex molecule resides largely within its primary structure. 相似文献
952.
Implications of fragile X expression in normal males for the nature of the mutation 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
The fragile site at Xq27, associated with a common form of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), is expressed in a variable proportion of the peripheral lymphocytes of affected males when the cells are cultured under thymidylate stress (Td stress) produced by folate or thymidylate deprivation. Some clinically normal males--transmitting males--are known to carry and transmit the fragile X mutation and yet show no cytogenetic expression in lymphocytes. Normal males with no family history of X-linked mental retardation express the site only rarely. When the fragile X chromosome from affected males is isolated in a rodent genetic background by somatic cell hybridization, the level of expression is similar to that seen in lymphocytes under Td stress. Here we show that X chromosomes from two transmitting males and two normal control males, all of which were fragile X negative in lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, could be made to express the fragile site in hybrids, although at levels that were below those seen in hybrids from affected males. Furthermore, transmitting males could be differentiated from normal males by their significantly higher expression rates when hybrids were exposed to caffeine before cytogenetic harvest. One male chimpanzee also showed low level expression in hybrid cells. These data suggest that the hybrid system lowers the threshold for fragile X expression, a fragile site at Xq27 may be present on all human and chimpanzee X chromosomes and constitutes a previously unrecognized common fragile site and the hybrid system with caffeine post-treatment can distinguish between the common Xq27 fragile site of control males, the occult mutant fragile site of a transmitting male, and the fully expressed fragile site of an affected male with XLMR. Thus the mutation producing XLMR may represent a multi-step alteration of a naturally occurring DNA sequence producing a continuum of cytogenetic expression and a threshold for clinical manifestation. 相似文献
953.
954.
SB-restricted presentation of influenza and herpes simplex virus antigens to human T-lymphocyte clones 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
The HLA-D region of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been shown to be homologous to the murine I region in terms of both structure and function. Both regions encode class II MHC molecules which restrict T-lymphocyte interactions with antigen-presenting cells. We have recently described the MHC restriction and antigen specificities of human T-lymphocyte clones directed at strain A influenza virus. The majority of T-lymphocyte clones recognized antigen in the context of cell surface interaction products encoded by HLA-D/DR genes. However, a few clones recognized antigen presented by cells histoincompatible for D/DR antigens. We report here that some of these clones recognized viral antigens in association with antigens encoded by genes identical with or closely linked to the recently described secondary B-cell (SB) locus of the MHC. This is the first report that SB-restricted antigen recognition may form an integral part of normal, human immune responses. 相似文献
955.
I. W. Althaus J. J. Chou A. J. Gonzales R. J. LeMay M. R. Deibel K. -C. Chou F. J. Kezdy D. L. Romero R. C. Thomas P. A. Aristoff W. G. Tarpley F. Reusser 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1994,50(1):23-28
The tetramer of ethylenesulfonic acid (U-9843) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 RT* and possesses excellent antiviral activity at nontoxic doses in HIV-1 infected lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. Kinetic studies of the HIV-1 RT-catalyzed RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity were carried out in order to determine if the inhibitor interacts with the template: primer or the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) binding sites of the polymerase. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which are based on the establishment of a rapid equilibrium between the enzyme and its substrates, proved inadequate for the analysis of the experimental data. The data were thus analyzed using steady-state Briggs-Haldane kinetics assuming that the template:primer binds to the enzyme first, followed by the binding of the dNTP and that the polymerase is a processive enzyme. Based on these assumptions, a velocity equation was derived which allows the calculation of all the specific forward and backward rate constants for the reactions occurring between the enzyme, its substrates and the inhibitor. The calculated rate constants are in agreement with this model and the results indicated that U-9843 acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to both the template:primer and dNTP binding sites. Hence, U-9843 exhibits the same binding affinity for the free enzyme as for the enzyme-substrate complexes and must inhibit the RT polymerase by interacting with a site distinct from the substrate binding sites. Thus, U-9843 appears to impair an event occurring after the formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes, which involves either an event leading up to the formation of the phosphoester bond, the formation of the ester bond itself or translocation of the enzyme relative to its template:primer following the formation of the ester bond. 相似文献
956.
A. Viarengo L. Canesi M. Pertica D. R. Livingstone M. Orunesu 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1991,47(5):454-457
Summary The main cellular defence systems against free radical-mediated oxidative stress are significantly reduced in the dige+ive gland of aged (>10 years old) compared to younger (2–4 years old) mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). Moreover, the concentration of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde) is increased in the same age group with respect to younger animals. The obtained data indicate that an impairment of the antioxidant defence systems would render the older animals more susceptible to peroxidative stress, thus supporting the general significance of the free radical theory of aging. 相似文献
957.
轮腿结合步态稳定裕度的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
研究一种轮腿结合式步行机的步态特性和静态稳定裕度与步态参数间的关系,并对这类步态进行了计算机仿真。 相似文献
958.
E. Bonilla M. Salazar J. Estevez H. Hernández P. Rangel 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1984,40(8):868-869
Summary After i.p. inoculation with the Guajira strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus a significant decrease in the density of (3H) spiroperidol binding sites in the striatum, midbrain and frontal cortex was observed. No changes in the affinity of the receptors could be demonstrated. This finding is compatible with neuronal degeneration caused by the viral infection.Acknowledgments. This work was partially supported by Condes-Luz and Fundacite-Zulia. Butaclamol isomers were a gift of Ayerst Laboratories, Montreal, Canada. 相似文献
959.
Comparative distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P and PHI in the enteric sphincters of the cat 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
G P McGregor A E Bishop M A Blank N D Christofides Y Yiangou J M Polak S R Bloom 《Experientia》1984,40(5):469-471
In the feline gastrointestinal tract, the neuropeptides, substance P, VIP and PHI were investigated by specific radioimmunoassays and immunocytochemistry. The concentrations of all 3 peptides and the level of peptidergic innervation were significantly less in the anal sphincter than elsewhere, whereas no significant differences were seen between other sphincter and non-sphincter regions. 相似文献
960.