IC设计中晶体管直流模型参数的提取

提出一种ＩＣ芯片设计中双极型器件直流模型参数的提取方法。采取ＧＰ模型建立双向目标函数进行全局优化提取，分１级和２级参数两层处理．１级参数系提取ＩＣ设计中各管的共同参数，２级参烽则为提取与各个管的结构和尺寸相关的特定参数，尽管提取对象只是样管，但可以由模型内在关系通过程序计算出各管的特定参数，从而保证了电路模拟所需输入参数的真实性。     

Prion-like behaviour and tau-dependent cytotoxicity of pyroglutamylated amyloid-β

Extracellular plaques of amyloid-β and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles made from tau are the histopathological signatures of Alzheimer's disease. Plaques comprise amyloid-β fibrils that assemble from monomeric and oligomeric intermediates, and are prognostic indicators of Alzheimer's disease. Despite the importance of plaques to Alzheimer's disease, oligomers are considered to be the principal toxic forms of amyloid-β. Interestingly, many adverse responses to amyloid-β, such as cytotoxicity, microtubule loss, impaired memory and learning, and neuritic degeneration, are greatly amplified by tau expression. Amino-terminally truncated, pyroglutamylated (pE) forms of amyloid-β are strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease, are more toxic than amyloid-β, residues 1-42 (Aβ(1-42)) and Aβ(1-40), and have been proposed as initiators of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Here we report a mechanism by which pE-Aβ may trigger Alzheimer's disease. Aβ(3(pE)-42) co-oligomerizes with excess Aβ(1-42) to form metastable low-n oligomers (LNOs) that are structurally distinct and far more cytotoxic to cultured neurons than comparable LNOs made from Aβ(1-42) alone. Tau is required for cytotoxicity, and LNOs comprising 5% Aβ(3(pE)-42) plus 95% Aβ(1-42) (5% pE-Aβ) seed new cytotoxic LNOs through multiple serial dilutions into Aβ(1-42) monomers in the absence of additional Aβ(3(pE)-42). LNOs isolated from human Alzheimer's disease brain contained Aβ(3(pE)-42), and enhanced Aβ(3(pE)-42) formation in mice triggered neuron loss and gliosis at 3 months, but not in a tau-null background. We conclude that Aβ(3(pE)-42) confers tau-dependent neuronal death and causes template-induced misfolding of Aβ(1-42) into structurally distinct LNOs that propagate by a prion-like mechanism. Our results raise the possibility that Aβ(3(pE)-42) acts similarly at a primary step in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.     

Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium

Myocardial infarction leads to loss of tissue and impairment of cardiac performance. The remaining myocytes are unable to reconstitute the necrotic tissue, and the post-infarcted heart deteriorates with time. Injury to a target organ is sensed by distant stem cells, which migrate to the site of damage and undergo alternate stem cell differentiation; these events promote structural and functional repair. This high degree of stem cell plasticity prompted us to test whether dead myocardium could be restored by transplanting bone marrow cells in infarcted mice. We sorted lineage-negative (Lin-) bone marrow cells from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein by fluorescence-activated cell sorting on the basis of c-kit expression. Shortly after coronary ligation, Lin- c-kitPOS cells were injected in the contracting wall bordering the infarct. Here we report that newly formed myocardium occupied 68% of the infarcted portion of the ventricle 9 days after transplanting the bone marrow cells. The developing tissue comprised proliferating myocytes and vascular structures. Our studies indicate that locally delivered bone marrow cells can generate de novo myocardium, ameliorating the outcome of coronary artery disease.     

超临界CO2气溶胶溶剂萃取法制备尤特奇S100纳米颗粒

采用超临界CO2气溶胶溶剂萃取法(ASES)制备了尤特奇S100(Eudragit S100)纳米粒,考察了有机溶剂的选择、压力、温度、溶液浓度及流速等主要工艺参数对Eudragit S100纳米粒形貌及粒径大小的影响,并采用扫描电镜、傅立叶红外光谱分析对结果进行了表征。结果表明,在以丙酮作为溶剂、压力为16 MPa、温度为45℃、溶液浓度为1 mg/m L的工艺条件下,可制备出有机溶剂残留少、分布均匀、平均粒径为30~60 nm的Eudragit S100纳米颗粒。纳米粒子的平均粒径随温度、压力的升高而减小,随溶液浓度的减小而减小。     

The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Magnaporthe grisea is the most destructive pathogen of rice worldwide and the principal model organism for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal disease of plants. Here, we report the draft sequence of the M. grisea genome. Analysis of the gene set provides an insight into the adaptations required by a fungus to cause disease. The genome encodes a large and diverse set of secreted proteins, including those defined by unusual carbohydrate-binding domains. This fungus also possesses an expanded family of G-protein-coupled receptors, several new virulence-associated genes and large suites of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Consistent with a role in fungal pathogenesis, the expression of several of these genes is upregulated during the early stages of infection-related development. The M. grisea genome has been subject to invasion and proliferation of active transposable elements, reflecting the clonal nature of this fungus imposed by widespread rice cultivation.     

三叶青两个肌动蛋白基因片段的克隆及其分析

根据GenBank中登录的植物肌动蛋白保守序列设计1对引物,对三叶青的块根进行RT‐PCR ,在1次扩增中得到2个不同的肌动蛋白基因片段,分别命名为 ThAct1和 ThAct2．测序结果显示：ThAct1基因片段长度为867 bp ,编码252个氨基酸;ThAct2基因片段长度为1079 bp ,编码152个氨基酸．经Blast分析,ThAct1和ThAct2基因均属于NBD＿sugar‐kinase＿HSP70＿actin superfamily家族,与其它物种Actin基因序列和编码的蛋白质均具有同源性．RT‐PCR结果初步表明：在茎、普通根和块根中 ThAct1和 ThAct2基因的表达未见差异;但在叶中,ThAct1的表达稍强,而 ThAct2的表达稍弱．另外,在茎、普通根和块根中,ThAct1表达比ThAct2强;但在叶中 ThAct1表达比ThAct2弱．结果为分析肌动蛋白基因在三叶青块根发育中的功能奠定了基础;获得的肌动蛋白也可以作为内参基因,在三叶青功能基因组的研究中用于其它基因的定量表达分析．     

RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates

The opportunity to harness the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to silence disease-causing genes holds great promise for the development of therapeutics directed against targets that are otherwise not addressable with current medicines. Although there are numerous examples of in vivo silencing of target genes after local delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), there remain only a few reports of RNAi-mediated silencing in response to systemic delivery of siRNA, and there are no reports of systemic efficacy in non-rodent species. Here we show that siRNAs, when delivered systemically in a liposomal formulation, can silence the disease target apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in non-human primates. APOB-specific siRNAs were encapsulated in stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALP) and administered by intravenous injection to cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 1 or 2.5 mg kg(-1). A single siRNA injection resulted in dose-dependent silencing of APOB messenger RNA expression in the liver 48 h after administration, with maximal silencing of >90%. This silencing effect occurred as a result of APOB mRNA cleavage at precisely the site predicted for the RNAi mechanism. Significant reductions in ApoB protein, serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were observed as early as 24 h after treatment and lasted for 11 days at the highest siRNA dose, thus demonstrating an immediate, potent and lasting biological effect of siRNA treatment. Our findings show clinically relevant RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates, supporting RNAi therapeutics as a potential new class of drugs.     

Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma

Metastatic melanoma is a deadly cancer that fails to respond to conventional chemotherapy and is poorly understood at the molecular level. p53 mutations often occur in aggressive and chemoresistant cancers but are rarely observed in melanoma. Here we show that metastatic melanomas often lose Apaf-1, a cell-death effector that acts with cytochrome c and caspase-9 to mediate p53-dependent apoptosis. Loss of Apaf-1 expression is accompanied by allelic loss in metastatic melanomas, but can be recovered in melanoma cell lines by treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5aza2dC). Apaf-1-negative melanomas are invariably chemoresistant and are unable to execute a typical apoptotic programme in response to p53 activation. Restoring physiological levels of Apaf-1 through gene transfer or 5aza2dC treatment markedly enhances chemosensitivity and rescues the apoptotic defects associated with Apaf-1 loss. We conclude that Apaf-1 is inactivated in metastatic melanomas, which leads to defects in the execution of apoptotic cell death. Apaf-1 loss may contribute to the low frequency of p53 mutations observed in this highly chemoresistant tumour type.     

桨叶调节对轴流式水轮机甩负荷特性影响研究

提出了轴流转桨式水轮机模型甩负荷过渡过程三维非定常数值模拟方法,采用动网格及网格重构方法实现了甩负荷过程中导叶和桨叶的动态关闭过程,获得了相关工作参数变化规律和内部流场变化情况.结果表明:计算得到的转速和测点静压变化规律与模型试验结果较一致,最大转速误差约为1.8%,验证了三维数值模拟方法的可靠性;当甩相同负荷,导叶采用相同关闭规律时,导叶关闭规律对参数变化起着决定性作用;最大向上轴向力出现在导叶关闭结束时刻,合理设置导叶关闭分段点位置将有效改善过渡过程品质;桨叶小角度关闭对抑制转速上升和压力波动作用不明显,反而会加剧轴向力波动和最大向上轴向力值,从降低最大向上轴向力防抬机角度,桨叶保持不动比桨叶小角度关闭更有利.本研究实现了桨叶与导叶双重调节的动态仿真.     

基于BP神经网络的彩色光弹性等色线自动定级法

把人工神经网络与光学彩色信息图像处理技术相结合，根据计算机的特点，选取红绿蓝（RGB）颜色模型，通过BP神经网络建立图像中像素点的RGB值与条纹级数F之间的非线性关系，对彩色光弹性条纹进行了插值，从而实现了等色线条纹的自动定级，用对径受压圆盘问题的理论精确解来检验，表明本方法与传统的分数级条纹补偿法相比，不仅可以实现条纹定级技术的自动化，而且精度较高，对提高三维结构光弹性模型切片的等色线测量精度有实用价值。