全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8098篇 |
免费 | 66篇 |
国内免费 | 114篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 693篇 |
丛书文集 | 482篇 |
教育与普及 | 424篇 |
理论与方法论 | 34篇 |
现状及发展 | 554篇 |
研究方法 | 855篇 |
综合类 | 5223篇 |
自然研究 | 13篇 |
出版年
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 14篇 |
2014年 | 28篇 |
2013年 | 36篇 |
2012年 | 399篇 |
2011年 | 511篇 |
2010年 | 189篇 |
2009年 | 106篇 |
2008年 | 544篇 |
2007年 | 525篇 |
2006年 | 766篇 |
2005年 | 780篇 |
2004年 | 462篇 |
2003年 | 432篇 |
2002年 | 412篇 |
2001年 | 331篇 |
2000年 | 495篇 |
1999年 | 173篇 |
1998年 | 85篇 |
1997年 | 46篇 |
1996年 | 37篇 |
1995年 | 45篇 |
1994年 | 44篇 |
1993年 | 65篇 |
1992年 | 36篇 |
1991年 | 47篇 |
1990年 | 35篇 |
1989年 | 50篇 |
1988年 | 36篇 |
1987年 | 46篇 |
1986年 | 51篇 |
1985年 | 52篇 |
1984年 | 51篇 |
1983年 | 51篇 |
1982年 | 54篇 |
1981年 | 39篇 |
1980年 | 25篇 |
1979年 | 28篇 |
1972年 | 15篇 |
1971年 | 25篇 |
1970年 | 47篇 |
1966年 | 16篇 |
1959年 | 113篇 |
1958年 | 208篇 |
1957年 | 153篇 |
1956年 | 138篇 |
1955年 | 120篇 |
1954年 | 142篇 |
1948年 | 53篇 |
排序方式: 共有8278条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
821.
对一种简单而又重要的组合结构——对称格路进行了研究。记dn,mn,sn分别为长2n的对称Dyck格路,M otzkin格路,Schr¨oder格路的个数。利用Riordan阵理论得到了他们之间所满足的六个组合恒等式并给予两个组合解释。最后,得到了特殊Riordan阵系数所满足的恒等式。根据某些恒等式估计长为2n的对称Dyck路平均中间高度和平均落在x轴上的点的个数。 相似文献
822.
The effect of aging treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of equal channel angular pressed Al-7075 alloy was examined.Commercial Al-7075 alloy in the solid solution heat-treated condition was processed by equal channel angular pressing through route BCat both the room temperature and 120 1C. Only three passes of equal channel angular pressing was possible due to the low ductility of the alloy at both temperatures. Followed by equal channel angular pressing, the specimens have been aged at 120 1C for different aging times. Mechanical properties were measured by Vickers microhardness and tensile tests and microstructural observations were undertaken using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer as well as optical microscopy. Microstructural investigations showed that ultrafine-grained materials with grain size in the range of 200–350 nm and 300–500 nm could be obtained after three passes of equal channel angular pressing at room temperature and 120 1C, respectively. Equal channel angular pressing of solid solution heat-treated Al-7075 alloy accelerates precipitation rate and subsequently leads to a significant decrease in aging time to attain maximum mechanical properties. Furthermore, it is possible to achieve maximum mechanical properties during equal channel angular pressing at 120 1C as a result of dynamic aging and formation of small η′ phase. 相似文献
823.
R. Shabannia 《自然科学进展(英文版)》2015,25(2):95-100
Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods were successfully grown on porous silicon(PS) substrates by chemical bath deposition at a low temperature.X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and photoluminescence(PL)analyses were carried out to investigate the effect of growth duration(2 h to 8 h) on the optical and structural properties of the aligned ZnO nanorods. Strong and sharp ZnO(0 0 2) peaks of the ZnO nanorods proved that the aligned ZnO nanorods were preferentially fabricated along the c-axis of the hexagonal wurtzite structure. FESEM images demonstrated that the Zn O nanorod arrays were well aligned along the c-axis and perpendicular to the PS substrates regardless of the growth duration. The TEM image showed that the top surfaces of the ZnO nanorods were round with a smooth curvature. PL spectra demonstrated that the ZnO nanorods grown for 5 h exhibited the sharpest and most intense PL peaks within the ultraviolet range among all samples. 相似文献
824.
Thiamine derivatives bind messenger RNAs directly to regulate bacterial gene expression 总被引:51,自引:0,他引:51
Although proteins fulfil most of the requirements that biology has for structural and functional components such as enzymes and receptors, RNA can also serve in these capacities. For example, RNA has sufficient structural plasticity to form ribozyme and receptor elements that exhibit considerable enzymatic power and binding specificity. Moreover, these activities can be combined to create allosteric ribozymes that are modulated by effector molecules. It has also been proposed that certain messenger RNAs might use allosteric mechanisms to mediate regulatory responses depending on specific metabolites. We report here that mRNAs encoding enzymes involved in thiamine (vitamin B(1)) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli can bind thiamine or its pyrophosphate derivative without the need for protein cofactors. The mRNA-effector complex adopts a distinct structure that sequesters the ribosome-binding site and leads to a reduction in gene expression. This metabolite-sensing regulatory system provides an example of a 'riboswitch' whose evolutionary origin might pre-date the emergence of proteins. 相似文献
825.
Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic exhumation history of Tiantangzhai region of Dabieshan Orogen: Constraints from (U-Th)/He and fission track analysis 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
ZHOUZuyi XUChanghai P.W.Reiners YANGFengli R.A.Donelick 《科学通报(英文版)》2003,48(11):1151-1156
Integrated fission track and (U-Th)/He analysis is carried out on 6 apatite and 6 zircon samples from a near vertical section in The Tiantangzhai region at the core of the present Dabieshan orogen. The result shows that the region experienced cooling/exhumation during the Late Cretaceousand Early Tertiary period. Age-elevation relationships for different dating systems and different minerals suggest a pulse of rapid exhumation at ~110 Ma before present, preserved in the structurally highest samples. At lower elevations, ages begin to decrease with decreasing elevation, suggesting lower exhumation rates since 90 Ma. Two periods of different exhumation rates are identified since 90 Ma. The average apparent exhumation rate for the period of 43.4—22.5 is 0.062 km/Ma, whereas that for the period of 76.4—47.4 Ma is 0.039 km/Ma. 相似文献
826.
瑞典斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所1986年出版的《世界军备与裁军》年鉴中,首次刊登一篇系统研究我国核政策的文章《纵观中国的核力量》,尽管文中真真假假,似是而非,并有多处歪曲我国核政策的论述,但它不失为外国人看中国的一篇有趣资料,现摘译发表,供读者鉴别、分析。 相似文献
827.
Northen TR Yanes O Northen MT Marrinucci D Uritboonthai W Apon J Golledge SL Nordström A Siuzdak G 《Nature》2007,449(7165):1033-1036
The ability of mass spectrometry to generate intact biomolecular ions efficiently in the gas phase has led to its widespread application in metabolomics, proteomics, biological imaging, biomarker discovery and clinical assays (namely neonatal screens). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization have been at the forefront of these developments. However, matrix application complicates the use of MALDI for cellular, tissue, biofluid and microarray analysis and can limit the spatial resolution because of the matrix crystal size (typically more than 10 mum), sensitivity and detection of small compounds (less than 500 Da). Secondary-ion mass spectrometry has extremely high lateral resolution (100 nm) and has found biological applications although the energetic desorption/ionization is a limitation owing to molecular fragmentation. Here we introduce nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS), a tool for spatially defined mass analysis. NIMS uses 'initiator' molecules trapped in nanostructured surfaces or 'clathrates' to release and ionize intact molecules adsorbed on the surface. This surface responds to both ion and laser irradiation. The lateral resolution (ion-NIMS about 150 nm), sensitivity, matrix-free and reduced fragmentation of NIMS allows direct characterization of peptide microarrays, direct mass analysis of single cells, tissue imaging, and direct characterization of blood and urine. 相似文献
828.
4-Hydroxynonenal-modified amyloid-beta peptide inhibits the proteasome: possible importance in Alzheimer's disease 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Shringarpure R Grune T Sitte N Davies KJ 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2000,57(12):1802-1809
The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is a 4-kDa species derived from the amyloid precursor protein, which accumulates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s
disease. Although we lack full understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of selective neuron death, considerable data
do imply roles for both the toxic Aβ and increased oxidative stress. Another significant observation is the accumulation of abnormal, ubiquitin-conjugated proteins
in affected neurons, suggesting dysfunction of the proteasome proteolytic system in these cells. Recent reports have indicated
that Aβ can bind and inhibit the proteasome, the major cytoslic protease for degrading damaged and ubiquitin-conjugated proteins.
Earlier results from our laboratory showed that moderately oxidized proteins are preferentially recognized and degraded by
the proteasome; however, severely oxidized proteins cannot be easily degraded and, instead, inhibit the proteasome. We hypothesized
that oxidatively modified Aβ might have a stronger (or weaker) inhibitory effect on the proteasome than does native Aβ. We therefore also investigated the proteasome inhibitory action of Aβ
1–40 (a peptide comprising the first 40 residues of Aβ) modified by the intracellular oxidant hydrogen peroxide, and by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). H2O2 modification of Aβ
1–40 generates a progressively poorer inhibitor of the purified human 20S proteasome. In contrast, HNE modification of Aβ
1–40 generates a progressively more selective and efficient inhibitor of the degradation of fluorogenic peptides and oxidized
protein substrates by human 20S proteasome. This interaction may contribute to certain pathological manifestations of Alzheimer’s
disease
Received 26 September 2000; accepted 26 September 2000 相似文献
829.
830.