极尖区电离层离子与地磁活动及太阳风的相关分析

对2001~2003年间Cluster星簇穿越极尖区期间观测到的电离层起源的离子(O⁺离子, He⁺离子和H⁺离子)特性进行了统计分析, 主要研究了这些离子的数密度与地磁活动以及太阳风动压之间的关系. 结果表明: O⁺离子数密度和地磁活动指数Kp之间存在着正相关关系, He⁺离子数密度和地磁活动指数Kp不相关, O⁺离子和He⁺离子数密度都和太阳风动压之间存在着显著的正相关关系; H+离子数密度与太阳风动压之间存在着正相关关系, 而和地磁活动指数Kp不相关. 最后, 对这些离子的特性与太阳风动压及地磁活动之间的关系进行了讨论.     

Watching cartoons activates the medial prefrontal cortex in children

The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of human adults is involved in attributing mental states to real human agents but not to virtual artificial characters. This study examined whether such differential MPFC activity can be observed in children who are more fascinated by cartoons than adults. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while 10-year-old children watched movie and cartoon clips, simulating real and virtual visual worlds, respectively. We showed neuroimaging evidence that, in contrast to adults, the MPFC of children was activated when perceiving both human agents and artificial characters in coherent visual events. Our findings suggest that, around the age of 10 years, the MPFC activity in children is different from that in adults in that it can be spontaneously activated by non-human agents in a virtual visual world.     

When and how did plate tectonics begin？ Theoretical and empirical considerations

Plate tectonics is the horizontal motion of Earth’s thermal boundary layer (lithosphere) over the convecting mantle (asthenosphere) and is mostly driven by lithosphere sinking in subduction zones. Plate tectonics is an outstanding example of a self organizing, far from equilibrium complex system (SOFFECS), driven by the negative buoyancy of the thermal boundary layer and controlled by dissipation in the bending lithosphere and viscous mantle. Plate tectonics is an unusual way for a silicate planet to lose heat, as it exists on only one of the large five silicate bodies in the inner solar system. It is not known when this mode of tectonic activity and heat loss began on Earth. All silicate planets probably experienced a short-lived magma ocean stage. After this solidified, stagnant lid behavior is the common mode of planetary heat loss, with interior heat being lost by delamination and “hot spot” volcanism and shallow intrusions. Decompression melting in the hotter early Earth generated a different lithosphere than today, with thicker oceanic crust and thinner mantle lithosphere; such lithosphere would take much longer than at present to become negatively buoyant, suggesting that plate tectonics on the early Earth occurred sporadically if at all. Plate tectonics became sustainable (the modern style) when Earth cooled sufficiently that decompression melting beneath spreading ridges made thin oceanic crust, allowing oceanic lithosphere to become negatively buoyant after a few tens of millions of years. Ultimately the question of when plate tectonics began must be answered by informa- tion retrieved from the geologic record. Criteria for the operation of plate tectonics includes ophiolites, blueschist and ultra-high pressure metamorphic belts, eclogites, passive margins, transform faults, paleomagnetic demonstration of different motions of different cratons, and the presence of diagnostic geochemical and isotopic indicators in igneous rocks. This record must be interpreted individually; I interpret the record to indicate a progression of tectonic styles from active Archean tectonics and magmatism to something similar to plate tectonics at ~1.9 Ga to sustained, modern style plate tectonics with deep subduction——and powerful slab pull——beginning in Neoproterozoic time.     

P systems with array objects and array rewriting rules

Array P systems were introduced by Paun Gh. which is linking the two areas of membrane computing and picture grammars. Puzzle grammars were introduced by us for generating connected picture arrays in the two-dimensional plane, motivated by the problem of tiling the plane. On the other hand, incorporating into arrays the developmental type of generation used in the well-known biologically motivated L systems, Siromoney and Siromoney proposed a very general rectangular array generating model, called extended controlled tabled L array system (ECTLAS). In this paper we introduce two variations of the array P system, called BPG array P system and parallel array P system. The former has in the regions array objects and basic puzzle grammar rules (BPG), which are a specific kind of puzzle grammar rules. In the latter, the regions have rectangular array objects and tables of context-free rules. We examine these two types of P systems for their array generative power.     

工程师和科学家的数学方法1——复杂分析、行列式和矩阵

本书的作者在大学讲授应用数学有30多年，在教学中发现，已有的一些教材并不完全适用，于是作者根据实际情况，逐步用自已的方式教学，最后编写了本书。虽然书中的内容并不是全新的，但表述的方式要比已有教材好，使大学生容易阅读，因此，     

数学编程中的分解技术 工程和科学应用

优化已经明显地主导工程系统的设计、计划、运行和控制，本书论述有可分解结构的优化问题，这种可分解的优化问题在工程和科学应用中是普遍存在的，书中考虑既有复杂约束又有复杂变量的优化问题，分析有或没有整数量的线性和非线性问题，所分析的分解技术包括Dantzig．Wolf、Benders、拉格朗日松弛、增大的拉格朗日分解和其他方法，     

从土壤至人体的微量元素

了解微量元素经由土壤-植物-人体链的基本、性质与变化过程，大有助于人体健康与环境保护。本书集中过去30多年的知识，提供最新数据及有关食物链的基本内容，附有引证文献资料共有68页（P．451-518）之多。     

光纤非线性光学显微成像

在光学显微成像领域，基于光纤的小型非线性光学显微镜和内窥镜作为传统显微镜和其他光学成像方法的一种重要补充形式，近几年来受到人们的关注．该文介绍和总结了光纤非线性光学显微成像技术及其在生物医学中的应用．首先介绍了结合非线性光学显微技术和单模光纤耦合器获得小型非线性光学显微镜的方法；特别对基于双包层光子晶体光纤和微电机系统扫描镜的光纤非线性内窥成像系统进行了分析；最后通过消化器官的组织成像实验说明了光纤非线性光学显微镜的重要应用．研究证明了基于光纤和微电机系统MEMS扫描镜的非线性内窥镜的新概念，并用于生物组织的成像．