Enhanced mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets by continuous bending process after V-bending

The effects of V-bending process, continuous bending process and combination process on the microstructure and mechanical properties and formability of an AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet were investigated. The experimental results showed that no twins were found in the microstructure of all samples after processes due to the fine grain. The V-bending and continuous bending processes were proved to be an effective approach to modify the mechanical properties and formability. While the samples after the combination process exhibited better mechanical properties and formability than the single processed sample. The yield strength significantly decreased with the value of 100 MPa and the fracture elongation enhanced to 18.3% at room temperature. The Erichsen value was 5.0 mm which was significantly increased by 117% compared with as-received sample. The superior formability of combination processed samples was mainly attributed to the smaller r-value and n-value.     

基尼系数法在乡镇企业发展空间非均衡测度中的应用

针对我国乡镇企业发展空间非均衡问题,选取2003-2012年乡镇企业总产值和乡镇企业营业收入2个指标数据,采用基尼系数法,分析了我国乡镇企业发展空间非均衡的特征、程度及其来源。结果表明:我国乡镇企业空间非均衡程度最大的是西部,其次是东部和中部地区最小。全国整体以及东、西部地区内部乡镇企业发展的空间非均衡程度均呈现进一步加深趋势,中部地区乡镇企业发展的空间均衡程度得到小幅缓解。区域间差距与剩余项差距反向变动是引致我国乡镇企业发展空间非均衡程度发生变动的重要因素。     

A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

微束X射线荧光分析谱仪及其对松针中元素的分布分析

介绍了一种小型的微束X射线荧光分析谱仪,它是由导管X光透镜和能量色散X射线荧光分析谱仪组成.谱仪具有较高的空间分辨率和能量分辨率.使用本谱仪对松树针叶进行了微区分析,得出各种元素沿松针长度方向和横切面径向的分布规律.结果表明使用X光透镜的微束X射线荧光分析方法可以实现植物样品的微区分析,有助于进一步了解植物的生长与元素迁移的关系.     

New crystal structure of molecular complex 1-piperidine carboxylate-piperidinium-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O studied by X-ray single crystal diffraction

Piperidine absorbs CO2 and H2O in air to form a molecular complex： piperidium-l-piperidinecarboxylate-H2O. The structure of the complex was characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal structure was determined to be triclinic, space group P1^-with a=0.648 6（8） nm, b=0.809 200） nm, c= 1.357 1（16） nm, a=96.96706）°, β =102.506（15）°,γ=104.202 05）°, Z=2. The complex is stabilized via five hydrogen bonds between the three components, N-O electrostatic interaction and O-O interaction （electron transfer） betweenl-piperidinecarboxylate and H2O. Due to electron transference of carbamate ion, the oxygen atom in water molecule is strongly negatively charged and the O-H bond is considerably shorter than that of the free molecule of water. The formation of the molecular complex is a reversible process and will decompose upon heating. The mechanism of formation and stabilization is further investigated herein.     

论食品安全学的理论基础与技术体系

食品安全学（foodsafetiology）是研究食物对人体健康危害的风险和保障食物无危害风险的学问,是食 品科学的一个分支,也是近３０年来发展起来的一门新兴学科。讨论、交流和理解食品安全学的理论基础与技术 体系将有助于促进食品安全学的科学研究、学科建设和人才培养,有助于加强国家食品安全管理和监管能力建 设。在研究大量有关国际组织文件、学术报告、会议文集,以及作者亲自考察、学术研究、自身理解的基础上, 提出了食品安全学的概念,归纳了食品安全学的理论基础和技术体系,探讨了食品安全学的学科构架。     

Mitochondrial DNA variation analysis suggests extreme low genetic diversity in Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus brelichi）

Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) is a unique, endangered primate in China, mainly distributed in Fanjing Mountain National Natural Reserve, Guizhou Province, in an area of 275 km2. Recently, habitat loss and fragmentation have caused population isolation. To assess genetic diversity within this species and its population structure, we sequenced 400 bp of the hypervariable I segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region for 128 individuals. Only one haplotype was identified from these individuals. Compared with other primate species, R. brelichi can be regarded as a species with very low genetic diversity, which further adds to the conservation concern.     

阴阳直径等分圆的和谐美

用阴阳直径等分圆得到的圆形图案,有简单、对称、和谐之美。     

Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's most important non-grain food crop and is central to global food security. It is clonally propagated, highly heterozygous, autotetraploid, and suffers acute inbreeding depression. Here we use a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone to sequence and assemble 86% of the 844-megabase genome. We predict 39,031 protein-coding genes and present evidence for at least two genome duplication events indicative of a palaeopolyploid origin. As the first genome sequence of an asterid, the potato genome reveals 2,642 genes specific to this large angiosperm clade. We also sequenced a heterozygous diploid clone and show that gene presence/absence variants and other potentially deleterious mutations occur frequently and are a likely cause of inbreeding depression. Gene family expansion, tissue-specific expression and recruitment of genes to new pathways contributed to the evolution of tuber development. The potato genome sequence provides a platform for genetic improvement of this vital crop.