A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

微束X射线荧光分析谱仪及其对松针中元素的分布分析

介绍了一种小型的微束X射线荧光分析谱仪,它是由导管X光透镜和能量色散X射线荧光分析谱仪组成.谱仪具有较高的空间分辨率和能量分辨率.使用本谱仪对松树针叶进行了微区分析,得出各种元素沿松针长度方向和横切面径向的分布规律.结果表明使用X光透镜的微束X射线荧光分析方法可以实现植物样品的微区分析,有助于进一步了解植物的生长与元素迁移的关系.     

论食品安全学的理论基础与技术体系

食品安全学（foodsafetiology）是研究食物对人体健康危害的风险和保障食物无危害风险的学问,是食 品科学的一个分支,也是近３０年来发展起来的一门新兴学科。讨论、交流和理解食品安全学的理论基础与技术 体系将有助于促进食品安全学的科学研究、学科建设和人才培养,有助于加强国家食品安全管理和监管能力建 设。在研究大量有关国际组织文件、学术报告、会议文集,以及作者亲自考察、学术研究、自身理解的基础上, 提出了食品安全学的概念,归纳了食品安全学的理论基础和技术体系,探讨了食品安全学的学科构架。     

Mitochondrial DNA variation analysis suggests extreme low genetic diversity in Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus brelichi）

Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) is a unique, endangered primate in China, mainly distributed in Fanjing Mountain National Natural Reserve, Guizhou Province, in an area of 275 km2. Recently, habitat loss and fragmentation have caused population isolation. To assess genetic diversity within this species and its population structure, we sequenced 400 bp of the hypervariable I segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region for 128 individuals. Only one haplotype was identified from these individuals. Compared with other primate species, R. brelichi can be regarded as a species with very low genetic diversity, which further adds to the conservation concern.     

Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's most important non-grain food crop and is central to global food security. It is clonally propagated, highly heterozygous, autotetraploid, and suffers acute inbreeding depression. Here we use a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone to sequence and assemble 86% of the 844-megabase genome. We predict 39,031 protein-coding genes and present evidence for at least two genome duplication events indicative of a palaeopolyploid origin. As the first genome sequence of an asterid, the potato genome reveals 2,642 genes specific to this large angiosperm clade. We also sequenced a heterozygous diploid clone and show that gene presence/absence variants and other potentially deleterious mutations occur frequently and are a likely cause of inbreeding depression. Gene family expansion, tissue-specific expression and recruitment of genes to new pathways contributed to the evolution of tuber development. The potato genome sequence provides a platform for genetic improvement of this vital crop.     

一种基于标记点的近景摄影测量系统

给出了一种基于标记点的鲁棒三维重建摄影测量系统;采用编码点和非编码点等标记点方式.为了减少不同图像间误匹配的概率,采用一种新的基于编码点的匹配方法,不同图像间非编码点的匹配从编码点开始,并通过相似性准则、模糊度准则和距离误差准则来剔除误匹配,可获得非常高的正确匹配率.采用一种新的基于标记点的加权迭代特征算法,用编码点恢复相机的投影矩阵,从而可以确定相机的外部姿态参数;用非编码点恢复3D坐标.与已有的加权迭代特征算法比较,该算法避免了所有点参与计算相机的投影矩阵,运算速度更快.由于采用标记点的亚像素定位方法,提高了3D重建精度.实验结果表明,在3D重建方面,该系统是强壮和精确的.     

中国酱油发酵酱醪中嗜盐四联球菌的鉴定

从采用传统露天酿造工艺的中国酱油发酵酱醪中分离筛选嗜盐乳酸球菌,对其进行形态、生理生化特性研究及16S rDNA序列分析,在此基础上确定其分类地位,为研究其在酱油酿造中的作用奠定基础.研究结果表明,筛选菌株为四联球型,革兰氏染色阳性,不运动;接触酶反应阴性,能从葡萄糖产酸而不产气;NaC l含量为18%的培养环境下乳酸产量达2.2%;基于16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析表明筛选菌株与嗜盐四联球菌的亲缘关系最近,从而初步确定其为嗜盐四联球菌.     

论公路运输枢纽层次的划分

公路运输枢纽根据其重要性和规模大小的不同有层次之分。通过对现有公路运输枢纽层次划分的分析与评价,提出了以基建规模来划分公路运输枢纽层次的标准。     

基于GIS、GPS、GSM的救护车智能管理系统研究

文章提出了一种救护车智能管理系统。该系统基于GIS、GPS、GSM技术,它能在发生紧急事故时,提供救护车到达出事地点,再从出事地点到达最近医院的最佳路径,该系统能够使救护车始终处于监控之下。我们通过设计有效的数据结构和算法来实现系统的上述功能。