Identity of the 19S 'prosome' particle with the large multifunctional protease complex of mammalian cells (the proteasome)

There have been many reports that eukaryotic cells contain ring-shaped 19S or 20S particles which are composed of numerous polypeptide subunits ranging in size between 25 and 35 kilodaltons. Because these particles seemed to copurify with inactive mRNA, they were assumed to function in regulating mRNA translation and hence were named 'prosomes' (for 'programmed-o-some'). A number of properties have been reported for these structures, including an association with specific RNA species or with certain heat-shock proteins and involvement in tRNA processing or aminoacyl tRNA synthesis. However, these proposed activities have not been supported by definitive evidence. During studies of the proteolytic systems in mammalian tissues, we noted many similarities between these 19S particles and the high molecular weight protease complexes that are present in most or all eukaryotic cells. This (700 kilodalton) enzyme complex, designated here as LAMP for 'large alkaline multi-functional protease', contains three distinct endoproteolytic sites which function at neutral or alkaline pH and are specific for hydrolysis of proteins, hydrophobic peptides, or basic peptides. This protease also exists in a latent form which can be activated by polylysine, fatty acids, or ATP. In this report, we show that the prosomes and these protease complexes are very similar or identical with respect to their size, polypeptide composition, immunological cross-reactivity, appearance in the electron microscope, radial symmetry of subunits, subcellular localization, and proteolytic activities. Therefore, the 'prosome' probably plays a critical role in intracellular protein breakdown, and we propose that it be renamed 'proteasome'.     

Chronic ethanol causes heterologous desensitization of receptors by reducing alpha s messenger RNA

One of the biochemical results of ethanol exposure is a change in the amount of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) produced in response to receptor stimulation. In general, acute ethanol exposure increases the amount of cAMP produced on stimulation of receptors coupled to the enzyme adenylyl cyclase via the GTP-binding protein Gs, whereas chronic ethanol exposure has the opposite effect (results for receptors coupled via Gi have been more variable). We previously reported that adaptation to continuous ethanol exposure reduces receptor-stimulated cAMP production by 25-35% in a neuroblastoma cell line (NG108-15), and an even greater reduction of 75% was observed in lymphocytes taken from actively-drinking alcoholics. This reduction in receptor-stimulated cAMP levels was recently confirmed in platelets from alcoholics. None of these studies, however, determined whether more than one receptor coupled to adenylyl cyclase activity was affected in the same cell. Here we report that chronic ethanol exposure causes desensitization of heterologous receptors coupled to Gs as cAMP production mediated by prostaglandin E1 as well as by adenosine is reduced by approximately 30% in NG108-15 cells. We show that, after chronic ethanol exposure, the activity of the alpha subunit of Gs is decreased by 29%, the amount of alpha s protein is decreased by 38.5%, and alpha s messenger RNA is decreased by 30%. Thus, cellular adaptation to ethanol involves a reduction in alpha s mRNA and, as a consequence, reduced cAMP production by heterologous receptors coupled to Gs. Such changes in cAMP production may account for the tolerance and physical dependence on ethanol in alcoholism.     

16MnR钢中微裂纹的萌生及扩展

用宏观与微观相结合的方法,研究16MnR钢在低周疲劳下微裂纹的萌生与扩展规律。试样上分别钻有40—200μm的微孔,研究了微裂纹启裂、扩展和微缺陷尺寸对疲劳寿命的影响。结果认为,孔边裂纹启裂机理有两种方式:滑移带启裂和疏松带启裂。前者是由剪应力起主要作用,后者是正应力起主要作用。而滑移带的局部性和裂纹开叉是低周疲劳下微裂纹的两大典型现象。且微缺陷尺寸对疲劳寿命有显著影响,该影响随应力水平的增加而减小。     

三峡电站容量电量合理分配的经济论证

本文探讨了三峡电站容量电量的合理分配问题,分析了影响问题的各种因素,建立了解析模型。根据计算分析,文中认为分配给华东地区的容量要小于总容量的一半,电量要大于总电量的一半,这是经济合理的。     

几种家鸭血清无机磷含量及碱性磷酸酶同工酶的比较

对金定鸭,北京鸭及其余种大土北鸭血清无机磷含量和碱性磷酸酶同工酶谱的比较研究表明:雌金定鸭、?大土北鸭和雌北京鸭的血清无机磷含量分别为5.264mg/100 ml、4.730mg/100ml、3.305 mg/100ml,家鸭产蛋能力与其血清无机磷含量成正相关;金定鸭和大土北鸭的血清均含有四种碱性磷酸酶同工酶,而北京鸭血清只含有三种,根据大土北鸭的血清碱性磷酸酶同工酶性状部分地继承了金定鸭的遗传特征,推测碱性磷酸酶同工酶也是与家鸭产蛋性能相关的因素。     

城市地貌类型图在城市建设中的作用——以南京市城区地貌类型图为例

本文以南京市城区为例,论述了城市地貌类型图在城市建设中的作用,及其编制任务和主要内容.可为制定实施城市总体规划的工程项目提供有关信息.     

优质双相不锈钢中的σ相沉淀及其相图

本文根据热力学数据，计算并绘制出了Ｆｅ－２５Ｃｒ－７．２Ｎｉ－３．６Ｍｏ－Ｎ双相不锈钢相图，从而表明了σ相的沉淀条件，以及Ｎ不能防止该钢σ相的沉淀．     

复合型POM：3，5－DNBA的晶体结构

３－甲基－４－硝基吡啶－１－氧（ＰＯＭ）与３，５－二硝基苯甲酸（３，５－ＤＮＢＡ）的复合型晶体从乙醇与丙酮的混合溶液中培养获得，其组成为１：１，己被元素分析和ｘ射线衍射实验所证实；其熔点由ＤＳＣ热分析测得，为１２２．６℃。该晶体化合物属单斜晶系，空间群为Ｐ２１／ｎ，单胞参数为：ａ＝０．９５５３（２）ｎｍ，ｂ＝０．５７７５（４）ｎｍ，ｃ＝２．７９６２（４）ｎｍ，β＝９９．０３（１）°，ｖ＝１．５２４（１）ｎｍ３，ｚ＝４，Ｄｃ＝１．６０ｇ／ｃｍ３，λ（Ｍｏｋα）＝０．０７１０７３ｎｍ，μ＝１．２９ｃｍ－１，Ｆ（０００）＝７５２，最终Ｒ＝０．０５１，Ｒｗ＝０．１６５［ｗ＝１／σ２（Ｆ）］，其中１８０２个可观察衍射点参与结构计算，复合型分子中存在一个氢键。     

基于神经网络的自适应故障模式分类方法

在深入研究ＡＲＴ－２神经网络结构的基础上，提出了一种基于神经网络的自适应故障模式分类方法，并应用在轴承故障诊断中，结果表明：该方法对轴承故障模式具有自学习，快速稳定的识别能力。     

一种计算TCM码的欧几里德距离和乘积距离的方法

提出了计算非规则篱笆图的最小欧几里德距离和最小乘积距离的一种有效算法，该算法是在Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法的基础上，对起始于任意状态和终止于任意状态所有参考路径上的距离进行了计算，求得最小欧几里德距离和最小乘积距离，它适用于搜索斯信道和衰落信道中的ＴＣＭ好码。