层次分析法在陕西轻工业发展评价体系中的应用

该项目从陕西省轻工业发展的特殊市情出发,采用科学的统计方法,通过对陕西省轻工业发展的特点进行详细分析,设置出了陕西省轻工业发展综合评价体系,并且进行实证研究。     

基于TDMA的多孔介质热湿耦合模型求解与算法优化

为了提高多孔介质热湿耦合模型的求解效率,采用三对角矩阵求解法(TDMA)对模型进行求解,并将该算法和迭代法进行对比分析.对TDMA计算误差与时间步长之间进行了敏感性分析,基于敏感性分析结果提出了一种变时间步长的TDMA优化算法.数值计算结果表明:对于变物性参数问题,随着时间步长的增加,TDMA计算精度将会下降,而迭代法精度保持不变;对于纤维素绝热材料,当连续2个时间步长内相对湿度变化小于0.24％且温度变化小于0.1℃时,时间步长取值对TDMA计算精度的影响可以忽略;相比于TDMA,变时间步长TDMA算法不受时间步长取值影响,精度更高;相比于迭代法,变时间步长TDMA算法具有相同的计算精度,但用时更短,计算用时可减小67％.     

基于国Ⅵ柴油机SCR系统NOx转化效率影响因素研究

为了探究柴油氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)+柴油颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)+选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)系统氢氧化物(NOx)转化效率影响因素,文章利用AVL BOOST仿真软...     

High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi

To evaluate the timing of mutations in BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) during melanocytic neoplasia, we carried out mutation analysis on microdissected melanoma and nevi samples. We observed mutations resulting in the V599E amino-acid substitution in 41 of 60 (68%) melanoma metastases, 4 of 5 (80%) primary melanomas and, unexpectedly, in 63 of 77 (82%) nevi. These data suggest that mutational activation of the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway in nevi is a critical step in the initiation of melanocytic neoplasia but alone is insufficient for melanoma tumorigenesis.     

An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB-supernovae were thought to be rare events. Whether X-ray flashes--analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer gamma-rays--can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst, is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218. Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB-supernovae, but more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups, which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output and the supernova radio flux. Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations, suggest that XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB observed off-axis. This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are probably more numerous than GRB-supernovae.     

Ab initio determination of solid-state nanostructure

Advances in materials science and molecular biology followed rapidly from the ability to characterize atomic structure using single crystals. Structure determination is more difficult if single crystals are not available. Many complex inorganic materials that are of interest in nanotechnology have no periodic long-range order and so their structures cannot be solved using crystallographic methods. Here we demonstrate that ab initio structure solution of these nanostructured materials is feasible using diffraction data in combination with distance geometry methods. Precise, sub-?ngstr?m resolution distance data are experimentally available from the atomic pair distribution function (PDF). Current PDF analysis consists of structure refinement from reasonable initial structure guesses and it is not clear, a priori, that sufficient information exists in the PDF to obtain a unique structural solution. Here we present and validate two algorithms for structure reconstruction from precise unassigned interatomic distances for a range of clusters. We then apply the algorithms to find a unique, ab initio, structural solution for C60 from PDF data alone. This opens the door to sub-?ngstr?m resolution structure solution of nanomaterials, even when crystallographic methods fail.     

Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates

Global conservation strategies commonly assume that different taxonomic groups show congruent geographical patterns of diversity, and that the distribution of extinction-prone species in one group can therefore act as a surrogate for vulnerable species in other groups when conservation decisions are being made. The validity of these assumptions remains unclear, however, because previous tests have been limited in both geographical and taxonomic extent. Here we use a database on the global distribution of 19,349 living bird, mammal and amphibian species to show that, although the distribution of overall species richness is very similar among these groups, congruence in the distribution of rare and threatened species is markedly lower. Congruence is especially low among the very rarest species. Cross-taxon congruence is also highly scale dependent, being particularly low at the finer spatial resolutions relevant to real protected areas. 'Hotspots' of rarity and threat are therefore largely non-overlapping across groups, as are areas chosen to maximize species complementarity. Overall, our results indicate that 'silver-bullet' conservation strategies alone will not deliver efficient conservation solutions. Instead, priority areas for biodiversity conservation must be based on high-resolution data from multiple taxa.     

Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny

The ancestors of fungi are believed to be simple aquatic forms with flagellated spores, similar to members of the extant phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids). Current classifications assume that chytrids form an early-diverging clade within the kingdom Fungi and imply a single loss of the spore flagellum, leading to the diversification of terrestrial fungi. Here we develop phylogenetic hypotheses for Fungi using data from six gene regions and nearly 200 species. Our results indicate that there may have been at least four independent losses of the flagellum in the kingdom Fungi. These losses of swimming spores coincided with the evolution of new mechanisms of spore dispersal, such as aerial dispersal in mycelial groups and polar tube eversion in the microsporidia (unicellular forms that lack mitochondria). The enigmatic microsporidia seem to be derived from an endoparasitic chytrid ancestor similar to Rozella allomycis, on the earliest diverging branch of the fungal phylogenetic tree.     

Long gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have different environments

When massive stars exhaust their fuel, they collapse and often produce the extraordinarily bright explosions known as core-collapse supernovae. On occasion, this stellar collapse also powers an even more brilliant relativistic explosion known as a long-duration gamma-ray burst. One would then expect that these long gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae should be found in similar galactic environments. Here we show that this expectation is wrong. We find that the gamma-ray bursts are far more concentrated in the very brightest regions of their host galaxies than are the core-collapse supernovae. Furthermore, the host galaxies of the long gamma-ray bursts are significantly fainter and more irregular than the hosts of the core-collapse supernovae. Together these results suggest that long-duration gamma-ray bursts are associated with the most extremely massive stars and may be restricted to galaxies of limited chemical evolution. Our results directly imply that long gamma-ray bursts are relatively rare in galaxies such as our own Milky Way.     

指数分布下可靠性指标验证的截尾SPOT方法

针对传统指标检验方法进行验证决策所需样本量大的问题,提出一种序贯验后加权检验方法(se-quential posterior odd test,SPOT),给出系统寿命服从指数分布条件下,应用SPOT方法进行可靠性指标验证时决策阈值的计算模型及给定样本容量时的截尾SPOT方法。由于该方法充分利用了验前获得的关于总体分布未知参数的信息,因而减小了对现场试验子样的需求。最后给出了应用该方法的具体步骤,通过仿真实验证明了该方法的有效性。