An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB-supernovae were thought to be rare events. Whether X-ray flashes--analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer gamma-rays--can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst, is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218. Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB-supernovae, but more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups, which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output and the supernova radio flux. Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations, suggest that XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB observed off-axis. This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are probably more numerous than GRB-supernovae.     

Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny

The ancestors of fungi are believed to be simple aquatic forms with flagellated spores, similar to members of the extant phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids). Current classifications assume that chytrids form an early-diverging clade within the kingdom Fungi and imply a single loss of the spore flagellum, leading to the diversification of terrestrial fungi. Here we develop phylogenetic hypotheses for Fungi using data from six gene regions and nearly 200 species. Our results indicate that there may have been at least four independent losses of the flagellum in the kingdom Fungi. These losses of swimming spores coincided with the evolution of new mechanisms of spore dispersal, such as aerial dispersal in mycelial groups and polar tube eversion in the microsporidia (unicellular forms that lack mitochondria). The enigmatic microsporidia seem to be derived from an endoparasitic chytrid ancestor similar to Rozella allomycis, on the earliest diverging branch of the fungal phylogenetic tree.     

Ab initio determination of solid-state nanostructure

Advances in materials science and molecular biology followed rapidly from the ability to characterize atomic structure using single crystals. Structure determination is more difficult if single crystals are not available. Many complex inorganic materials that are of interest in nanotechnology have no periodic long-range order and so their structures cannot be solved using crystallographic methods. Here we demonstrate that ab initio structure solution of these nanostructured materials is feasible using diffraction data in combination with distance geometry methods. Precise, sub-?ngstr?m resolution distance data are experimentally available from the atomic pair distribution function (PDF). Current PDF analysis consists of structure refinement from reasonable initial structure guesses and it is not clear, a priori, that sufficient information exists in the PDF to obtain a unique structural solution. Here we present and validate two algorithms for structure reconstruction from precise unassigned interatomic distances for a range of clusters. We then apply the algorithms to find a unique, ab initio, structural solution for C60 from PDF data alone. This opens the door to sub-?ngstr?m resolution structure solution of nanomaterials, even when crystallographic methods fail.     

Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity

Protecting the world's freshwater resources requires diagnosing threats over a broad range of scales, from global to local. Here we present the first worldwide synthesis to jointly consider human and biodiversity perspectives on water security using a spatial framework that quantifies multiple stressors and accounts for downstream impacts. We find that nearly 80% of the world's population is exposed to high levels of threat to water security. Massive investment in water technology enables rich nations to offset high stressor levels without remedying their underlying causes, whereas less wealthy nations remain vulnerable. A similar lack of precautionary investment jeopardizes biodiversity, with habitats associated with 65% of continental discharge classified as moderately to highly threatened. The cumulative threat framework offers a tool for prioritizing policy and management responses to this crisis, and underscores the necessity of limiting threats at their source instead of through costly remediation of symptoms in order to assure global water security for both humans and freshwater biodiversity.     

Al_2O_3基陶瓷材料与硬质合金摩擦的应力分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对5种Al2O3基陶瓷材料(纯Al2O3、Al2O3/TiC、Al2O3/(W,Ti)C、Al2O3/Ti(C,N)和Al2O3/SiCw)在MRH-3环块磨损试验机上与硬质合金摩擦进行模拟仿真,得到摩擦磨损过程中的应力及分布,并与室温下的磨损实验结果相比较,同时还探讨了不同添加剂的Al2O3基陶瓷的磨损机理.结果表明:不同成分的Al2O3基陶瓷材料在摩擦磨损过程中最大主应力位于摩擦副接触区中心,最大剪应力位于摩擦副接触区边缘;载荷对主应力和剪应力大小的影响比转速的影响大;在相同的摩擦条件下,受到合应力越大的陶瓷其磨损率越大;合应力越大的陶瓷磨损后陶瓷表面越容易产生微裂纹.5种Al2O3基陶瓷磨损率的大小为:Al2O3Al2O3/(W,Ti)CAl2O3/Ti(C,N)Al2O3/TiCAl2O3/SiCw.     

基于ArcIMS的旅游网络地理信息系统研究

网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)技术的发展为旅游业信息化建设提供了强有力的技术支撑.在分析ArcIMS、ArcSDE等相关技术的基础上,以三亚市为例,设计和实现了城市旅游网络地理信息系统.     

MIMO信道容量的隐训练序列分析法

基于隐训练序列的MIMO信道估计模型,利用最小二乘算法的仿真来分析信噪比、数据传输的帧长及收发天线数目与信道容量下限的变化关系.数值模拟结果表明:相同条件下,采用隐训练序列比训练序列能提供更高的信道容量.此外,模型所采用LS方法结构简单,计算量小.     

回转窑筒体有限元分析

利用有限元软件ANSYS计算回转窑筒体的结构应力和热应力分布状况,把筒壳、窑衬及物料作为一个系统,对筒体和窑衬进行分层、分段建模,研究筒体的轴向厚度、窑衬轴向的材质和物料对筒体结构应力的影响。分析不同厚度筒体的应力分布,得到筒体厚度对结构应力的影响规律。热应力分析结果表明:在筒体的支撑位置热应力较大。分析结果为回转窑筒体的设计和优化提供理论指导。     

试论高职院校内涵建设

在"十一五"时期乃至整个战略机遇期的20年里,中国高等职业教育的发展,将由规模扩张转向提升质量为核心的内涵建设。高职院校内涵建设具有复杂性、多样性、长期性特点。本文从人才质量、办学特色、科学管理三个方面系统论述了高职院校内涵建设的战略重点。     

自制吸附萃取搅拌棒结合气相色谱嗅觉计、 气质联用仪分析肉味香精呈香组分

采用自制吸附萃取搅拌棒对肉味香精呈香组分进行提取,利用热脱附仪进样,结合气相色谱嗅觉计联用(GC/O)、气质联用(GC/MS)双重定性方式,令组分富集率更高,且检测结果可以更加真实、客观地反映出香精的香气组成;为高级香精的调配及仿香工作提供重要依据.实验仪器采用在色谱柱出口安装"石英三通"进行1∶1分流,样品被同时引入质谱和嗅觉计,避免了单一定性方法存在的不足.其中,两种方法共同检出的物质31种,仅GC/O检出的物质24种,仅GC/MS检出的物质26种.