全文获取类型
收费全文 | 17226篇 |
免费 | 42篇 |
国内免费 | 53篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 253篇 |
丛书文集 | 444篇 |
教育与普及 | 36篇 |
理论与方法论 | 50篇 |
现状及发展 | 7948篇 |
研究方法 | 724篇 |
综合类 | 7718篇 |
自然研究 | 148篇 |
出版年
2012年 | 203篇 |
2011年 | 408篇 |
2010年 | 97篇 |
2009年 | 94篇 |
2008年 | 271篇 |
2007年 | 344篇 |
2006年 | 289篇 |
2005年 | 298篇 |
2004年 | 271篇 |
2003年 | 325篇 |
2002年 | 260篇 |
2001年 | 609篇 |
2000年 | 609篇 |
1999年 | 344篇 |
1992年 | 328篇 |
1991年 | 253篇 |
1990年 | 298篇 |
1989年 | 271篇 |
1988年 | 262篇 |
1987年 | 276篇 |
1986年 | 284篇 |
1985年 | 338篇 |
1984年 | 242篇 |
1983年 | 219篇 |
1982年 | 200篇 |
1981年 | 238篇 |
1980年 | 261篇 |
1979年 | 568篇 |
1978年 | 463篇 |
1977年 | 469篇 |
1976年 | 351篇 |
1975年 | 374篇 |
1974年 | 583篇 |
1973年 | 455篇 |
1972年 | 413篇 |
1971年 | 510篇 |
1970年 | 656篇 |
1969年 | 573篇 |
1968年 | 492篇 |
1967年 | 528篇 |
1966年 | 439篇 |
1965年 | 330篇 |
1964年 | 86篇 |
1959年 | 198篇 |
1958年 | 293篇 |
1957年 | 192篇 |
1956年 | 172篇 |
1955年 | 167篇 |
1954年 | 159篇 |
1948年 | 87篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
221.
222.
223.
Quantum decoherence is a central concept in physics. Applications such as quantum information processing depend on understanding it; there are even fundamental theories proposed that go beyond quantum mechanics, in which the breakdown of quantum theory would appear as an 'intrinsic' decoherence, mimicking the more familiar environmental decoherence processes. Such applications cannot be optimized, and such theories cannot be tested, until we have a firm handle on ordinary environmental decoherence processes. Here we show that the theory for insulating electronic spin systems can make accurate and testable predictions for environmental decoherence in molecular-based quantum magnets. Experiments on molecular magnets have successfully demonstrated quantum-coherent phenomena but the decoherence processes that ultimately limit such behaviour were not well constrained. For molecular magnets, theory predicts three principal contributions to environmental decoherence: from phonons, from nuclear spins and from intermolecular dipolar interactions. We use high magnetic fields on single crystals of Fe(8) molecular magnets (in which the Fe ions are surrounded by organic ligands) to suppress dipolar and nuclear-spin decoherence. In these high-field experiments, we find that the decoherence time varies strongly as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The theoretical predictions are fully verified experimentally, and there are no other visible decoherence sources. In these high fields, we obtain a maximum decoherence quality-factor of 1.49?×?10(6); our investigation suggests that the environmental decoherence time can be extended up to about 500 microseconds, with a decoherence quality factor of ~6?×?10(7), by optimizing the temperature, magnetic field and nuclear isotopic concentrations. 相似文献
224.
225.
Schreiner PR Chernish LV Gunchenko PA Tikhonchuk EY Hausmann H Serafin M Schlecht S Dahl JE Carlson RM Fokin AA 《Nature》2011,477(7364):308-311
Steric effects in chemistry are a consequence of the space required to accommodate the atoms and groups within a molecule, and are often thought to be dominated by repulsive forces arising from overlapping electron densities (Pauli repulsion). An appreciation of attractive interactions such as van der Waals forces (which include London dispersion forces) is necessary to understand chemical bonding and reactivity fully. This is evident from, for example, the strongly debated origin of the higher stability of branched alkanes relative to linear alkanes and the possibility of constructing hydrocarbons with extraordinarily long C-C single bonds through steric crowding. Although empirical bond distance/bond strength relationships have been established for C-C bonds (longer C-C bonds have smaller bond dissociation energies), these have no present theoretical basis. Nevertheless, these empirical considerations are fundamental to structural and energetic evaluations in chemistry, as summarized by Pauling as early as 1960 and confirmed more recently. Here we report the preparation of hydrocarbons with extremely long C-C bonds (up to 1.704??), the longest such bonds observed so far in alkanes. The prepared compounds are unexpectedly stable--noticeable decomposition occurs only above 200?°C. We prepared the alkanes by coupling nanometre-sized, diamond-like, highly rigid structures known as diamondoids. The extraordinary stability of the coupling products is due to overall attractive dispersion interactions between the intramolecular H???H contact surfaces, as is evident from density functional theory computations with and without inclusion of dispersion corrections. 相似文献
226.
Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marked changes in socio-economic status, cultural traditions, population growth and agriculture are affecting diets worldwide. Understanding how our diet and nutritional status influence the composition and dynamic operations of our gut microbial communities, and the innate and adaptive arms of our immune system, represents an area of scientific need, opportunity and challenge. The insights gleaned should help to address several pressing global health problems. 相似文献
227.
Hussein SM Batada NN Vuoristo S Ching RW Autio R Närvä E Ng S Sourour M Hämäläinen R Olsson C Lundin K Mikkola M Trokovic R Peitz M Brüstle O Bazett-Jones DP Alitalo K Lahesmaa R Nagy A Otonkoski T 《Nature》2011,471(7336):58-62
The mechanisms underlying the low efficiency of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are poorly understood. There is a clear need to study whether the reprogramming process itself compromises genomic integrity and, through this, the efficiency of iPS cell establishment. Using a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array, we compared copy number variations (CNVs) of different passages of human iPS cells with their fibroblast cell origins and with human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here we show that significantly more CNVs are present in early-passage human iPS cells than intermediate passage human iPS cells, fibroblasts or human ES cells. Most CNVs are formed de novo and generate genetic mosaicism in early-passage human iPS cells. Most of these novel CNVs rendered the affected cells at a selective disadvantage. Remarkably, expansion of human iPS cells in culture selects rapidly against mutated cells, driving the lines towards a genetic state resembling human ES cells. 相似文献
228.
229.
Don't judge species on their origins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
230.
Grid cells provide a neural representation of space, by discharging when an animal traverses through the vertices of a periodic hexagonal grid spanning the environment. Although grid cells have been characterized in detail in rats, the fundamental question of what neural dynamics give rise to the grid structure remains unresolved. Two competing classes of models were proposed: network models, based on attractor dynamics, and oscillatory interference models, which propose that interference between somatic and dendritic theta-band oscillations (4-10?Hz) in single neurons transforms a temporal oscillation into a spatially periodic grid. So far, these models could not be dissociated experimentally, because rodent grid cells always co-exist with continuous theta oscillations. Here we used a novel animal model, the Egyptian fruit bat, to refute the proposed causal link between grids and theta oscillations. On the basis of our previous finding from bat hippocampus, of spatially tuned place cells in the absence of continuous theta oscillations, we hypothesized that grid cells in bat medial entorhinal cortex might also exist without theta oscillations. Indeed, we found grid cells in bat medial entorhinal cortex that shared remarkable similarities to rodent grid cells. Notably, the grids existed in the absence of continuous theta-band oscillations, and with almost no theta modulation of grid-cell spiking--both of which are essential prerequisites of the oscillatory interference models. Our results provide a direct demonstration of grid cells in a non-rodent species. Furthermore, they strongly argue against a major class of computational models of grid cells. 相似文献