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51.
Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property 总被引:65,自引:0,他引:65
Schmidt MW Torn MS Abiven S Dittmar T Guggenberger G Janssens IA Kleber M Kögel-Knabner I Lehmann J Manning DA Nannipieri P Rasse DP Weiner S Trumbore SE 《Nature》2011,478(7367):49-56
Globally, soil organic matter (SOM) contains more than three times as much carbon as either the atmosphere or terrestrial vegetation. Yet it remains largely unknown why some SOM persists for millennia whereas other SOM decomposes readily--and this limits our ability to predict how soils will respond to climate change. Recent analytical and experimental advances have demonstrated that molecular structure alone does not control SOM stability: in fact, environmental and biological controls predominate. Here we propose ways to include this understanding in a new generation of experiments and soil carbon models, thereby improving predictions of the SOM response to global warming. 相似文献
52.
53.
Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium 总被引:455,自引:0,他引:455
Orlic D Kajstura J Chimenti S Jakoniuk I Anderson SM Li B Pickel J McKay R Nadal-Ginard B Bodine DM Leri A Anversa P 《Nature》2001,410(6829):701-705
Myocardial infarction leads to loss of tissue and impairment of cardiac performance. The remaining myocytes are unable to reconstitute the necrotic tissue, and the post-infarcted heart deteriorates with time. Injury to a target organ is sensed by distant stem cells, which migrate to the site of damage and undergo alternate stem cell differentiation; these events promote structural and functional repair. This high degree of stem cell plasticity prompted us to test whether dead myocardium could be restored by transplanting bone marrow cells in infarcted mice. We sorted lineage-negative (Lin-) bone marrow cells from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein by fluorescence-activated cell sorting on the basis of c-kit expression. Shortly after coronary ligation, Lin- c-kitPOS cells were injected in the contracting wall bordering the infarct. Here we report that newly formed myocardium occupied 68% of the infarcted portion of the ventricle 9 days after transplanting the bone marrow cells. The developing tissue comprised proliferating myocytes and vascular structures. Our studies indicate that locally delivered bone marrow cells can generate de novo myocardium, ameliorating the outcome of coronary artery disease. 相似文献
54.
Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Margulies M Egholm M Altman WE Attiya S Bader JS Bemben LA Berka J Braverman MS Chen YJ Chen Z Dewell SB Du L Fierro JM Gomes XV Godwin BC He W Helgesen S Ho CH Ho CH Irzyk GP Jando SC Alenquer ML Jarvie TP Jirage KB Kim JB Knight JR Lanza JR Leamon JH Lefkowitz SM Lei M Li J Lohman KL Lu H Makhijani VB McDade KE McKenna MP Myers EW Nickerson E Nobile JR Plant R Puc BP Ronan MT Roth GT Sarkis GJ Simons JF Simpson JW Srinivasan M Tartaro KR Tomasz A Vogt KA Volkmer GA Wang SH Wang Y Weiner MP 《Nature》2005,437(7057):376-380
The proliferation of large-scale DNA-sequencing projects in recent years has driven a search for alternative methods to reduce time and cost. Here we describe a scalable, highly parallel sequencing system with raw throughput significantly greater than that of state-of-the-art capillary electrophoresis instruments. The apparatus uses a novel fibre-optic slide of individual wells and is able to sequence 25 million bases, at 99% or better accuracy, in one four-hour run. To achieve an approximately 100-fold increase in throughput over current Sanger sequencing technology, we have developed an emulsion method for DNA amplification and an instrument for sequencing by synthesis using a pyrosequencing protocol optimized for solid support and picolitre-scale volumes. Here we show the utility, throughput, accuracy and robustness of this system by shotgun sequencing and de novo assembly of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome with 96% coverage at 99.96% accuracy in one run of the machine. 相似文献
55.
Concerns have been raised about the potential effects of transgenic introductions on the genetic diversity of crop landraces and wild relatives in areas of crop origin and diversification, as this diversity is considered essential for global food security. Direct effects on non-target species, and the possibility of unintentionally transferring traits of ecological relevance onto landraces and wild relatives have also been sources of concern. The degree of genetic connectivity between industrial crops and their progenitors in landraces and wild relatives is a principal determinant of the evolutionary history of crops and agroecosystems throughout the world. Recent introductions of transgenic DNA constructs into agricultural fields provide unique markers to measure such connectivity. For these reasons, the detection of transgenic DNA in crop landraces is of critical importance. Here we report the presence of introgressed transgenic DNA constructs in native maize landraces grown in remote mountains in Oaxaca, Mexico, part of the Mesoamerican centre of origin and diversification of this crop. 相似文献
56.
大豆蛋白质的泡沫分离研究 I.操作工艺条件 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在一连续操作的泡沫精馏塔中,考察了各种操作条件对大豆蛋白质溶液泡沫分离过程的影响,包括:进料浓度、进气流量、pH值、回流比等,确定了较佳的操作条件。用流动法测定了大豆蛋白质在气液界面上的表面过剩浓度并回归了线性吸附方程。结果表明:在溶液浓度较稀时,表面过剩浓度与溶液浓度呈线性关系。 相似文献
57.
采用球面刀在三坐标数控机床上加工具有凸曲面工位的零部件时,往往会导致几何形状误差,对此,运用点涉法原理,推导出在凸曲面上确定平头立铣刀五轴和三轴数控联动加工刀位轨迹的计算方法。 相似文献
58.
Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. 总被引:312,自引:0,他引:312
Stem cell biology has come of age. Unequivocal proof that stem cells exist in the haematopoietic system has given way to the prospective isolation of several tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells, the initial delineation of their properties and expressed genetic programmes, and the beginnings of their utility in regenerative medicine. Perhaps the most important and useful property of stem cells is that of self-renewal. Through this property, striking parallels can be found between stem cells and cancer cells: tumours may often originate from the transformation of normal stem cells, similar signalling pathways may regulate self-renewal in stem cells and cancer cells, and cancer cells may include 'cancer stem cells' - rare cells with indefinite potential for self-renewal that drive tumorigenesis. 相似文献
59.
通过测定,得出马来酸酐改性聚丙烯(MPP)是提高玻璃纤维与聚丙烯树脂界面剪切强度的关键因素,而偶联剂的变化对体系界面剪切强度的影响较少,用仪器分析证实了酸酐基团与玻璃纤维表面发生化学反应的实质,以及当界面存在改性聚丙烯时,应选择A-174TM硅烷偶联剂处理增强聚丙烯的玻璃纤维,而不是传统的A-1100TM硅烷偶联剂。 相似文献
60.