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111.
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113.
Blasic JR Lane Brown R Robinson PR 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2012,69(9):1551-1562
Melanopsin-based phototransduction is involved in non-image forming light responses including circadian entrainment, pupil
constriction, suppression of pineal melatonin synthesis, and direct photic regulation of sleep in vertebrates. Given that
the functions of melanopsin involve the measurement and summation of total environmental luminance, there would appear to
be no need for the rapid deactivation typical of other G-protein coupled receptors. In this study, however, we demonstrate
that heterologously expressed mouse melanopsin is phosphorylated in a light-dependent manner, and that this phosphorylation
is involved in regulating the rate of G-protein activation and the lifetime of melanopsin’s active state. Furthermore, we
provide evidence for light-dependent phosphorylation of melanopsin in the mouse retina using an in situ proximity ligation
assay. Finally, we demonstrate that melanopsin preferentially interacts with the GRK2/3 family of G-protein coupled receptor
kinases through co-immunoprecipitation assays. Based on the complement of G-protein receptor kinases present in the melanopsin-expressing
retinal ganglion cells, GRK2 emerges as the best candidate for melanopsin’s cognate GRK. 相似文献
114.
Microautophagy: lesser-known self-eating 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Microautophagy, the non-selective lysosomal degradative process, involves direct engulfment of cytoplasmic cargo at a boundary
membrane by autophagic tubes, which mediate both invagination and vesicle scission into the lumen. With its constitutive characteristics,
microautophagy of soluble substrates can be induced by nitrogen starvation or rapamycin via regulatory signaling complex pathways.
The maintenance of organellar size, membrane homeostasis, and cell survival under nitrogen restriction are the main functions
of microautophagy. In addition, microautophagy is coordinated with and complements macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy,
and other self-eating pathways. Three forms of selective microautophagy, including micropexophagy, piecemeal microautophagy
of the nucleus, and micromitophagy, share common ground with microautophagy to some degree. As the accumulation of experimental
data, the precise mechanisms that govern microautophagy are becoming more appreciated. Here, we review the microautophagic
molecular machinery, its physiological functions, and relevance to human diseases, especially in diseases involving multivesicular
bodies and multivesicular lysosomes. 相似文献
115.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon congenital immunodeficiency seen approximately in 1 of 250,000 individuals.
It is caused by a profound defect in a burst of oxygen consumption that normally accompanies phagocytosis in all myeloid cells
(neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages). This “respiratory burst” involves the catalytic conversion of molecular
oxygen to the oxygen free-radical superoxide, which in turn gives rise to hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and hydroxyl
radicals. These oxygen derivatives play a critical role in the killing of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. As a result of the
failure to activate the respiratory burst in their phagocytes, the majority of CGD patients suffer from severe recurrent infections
and rather unexplained prolonged inflammatory reactions that may result in granulomatous lesions. Both may cause severe organ
dysfunction depending on the tissues involved. Preventive measures as well as rapid (invasive) diagnostic procedures are required
to successfully treat CGD. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be a serious option in some of the patients. 相似文献
116.
Sieni E Cetica V Mastrodicasa E Pende D Moretta L Griffiths G Aricò M 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2012,69(1):29-40
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and NKT cells are effector cells able to kill infected cells. In some inherited
human disorders, a defect in selected proteins involved in the cellular cytotoxicity mechanism results in specific clinical
syndromes, grouped under the name of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Recent advances in genetic studies of these
patients has allowed the identification of different genetic subsets. Additional genetic immune deficiencies may also induce
a similar clinical picture. International cooperation and prospective trials resulted in refining the diagnostic and therapeutic
approach to these rare diseases with improved outcome but also with improved knowledge of the mechanisms underlying granule-mediated
cellular cytotoxicity in humans. 相似文献
117.
118.
Farooqui AA Farooqui T Panza F Frisardi V 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2012,69(5):741-762
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of common pathologies: abdominal obesity linked to an excess of visceral fat, insulin
resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. At the molecular level, metabolic syndrome is accompanied not only by dysregulation
in the expression of adipokines (cytokines and chemokines), but also by alterations in levels of leptin, a peptide hormone
released by white adipose tissue. These changes modulate immune response and inflammation that lead to alterations in the
hypothalamic ‘bodyweight/appetite/satiety set point,’ resulting in the initiation and development of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic
syndrome is a risk factor for neurological disorders such as stroke, depression and Alzheimer’s disease. The molecular mechanism
underlying the mirror relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders is not fully understood. However,
it is becoming increasingly evident that all cellular and biochemical alterations observed in metabolic syndrome like impairment
of endothelial cell function, abnormality in essential fatty acid metabolism and alterations in lipid mediators along with
abnormal insulin/leptin signaling may represent a pathological bridge between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders
such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and depression. The purpose of this review is not only to describe the involvement of
brain in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, but also to link the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome with neurochemical
changes in stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and depression to a wider audience of neuroscientists with the hope that this discussion
will initiate more studies on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders. 相似文献
119.
120.
Altenhöfer S Kleikers PW Radermacher KA Scheurer P Rob Hermans JJ Schiffers P Ho H Wingler K Schmidt HH 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2012,69(14):2327-2343
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals but also disease triggers; their relative excess (oxidative stress) or shortage (reductive stress) compared to reducing equivalents are potentially deleterious. This may explain why antioxidants fail to combat diseases that correlate with oxidative stress. Instead, targeting of disease-relevant enzymatic ROS sources that leaves physiological ROS signaling unaffected may be more beneficial. NADPH oxidases are the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. Of the catalytic NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX), NOX4 is the most widely distributed isoform. We provide here a critical review of the currently available experimental tools to assess the role of NOX and especially NOX4, i.e. knock-out mice, siRNAs, antibodies, and pharmacological inhibitors. We then focus on the characterization of the small molecule NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, in vitro and in vivo, its specificity, selectivity, and possible mechanism of action. Finally, we discuss the validation of NOX4 as a potential therapeutic target for indications including stroke, heart failure, and fibrosis. 相似文献