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121.
Samuel CS Hewitson TD Unemori EN Tang ML 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(12):1539-1557
The peptide hormone relaxin is emerging as a multi-functional factor in a broad range of target tissues including several
non-reproductive organs, in addition to its historical role as a hormone of pregnancy. This review discusses the evidence
that collectively demonstrates the many diverse and vital roles of relaxin: the homeostatic role of endogenous relaxin in
mammalian pregnancy and ageing; its gender-related effects; the therapeutic effects of relaxin in the treatment of fibrosis,
inflammation, cardioprotection, vasodilation and wound healing (angiogenesis) amongst other pathophysiological conditions,
and its potential mechanism of action. Furthermore, translational issues using experimental models (to humans) and its use
in various clinical trials, are described, each with important lessons for the design of future trials involving relaxin.
The diverse physiological and pathological roles for relaxin have led to the search for its significance in humans and highlight
its potential as a drug of the future.
Received 12 December 2006; received after revision 12 February 2007; accepted 15 March 2007 相似文献
122.
Hermann T 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(14):1841-1852
Aminoglycoside antibiotics kill bacteria by binding to the ribosomal decoding site and reducing fidelity of protein synthesis.
Since the discovery of these natural products over 50 years ago, aminoglycosides have provided a mainstay of antibacterial
therapy of serious Gram-negative infections. In recent years, aminoglycosides have become important tools to study molecular
recognition of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In an ingenious exploitation of the aminoglycosides’ mechanism of action, it has been
speculated that drug-induced readthrough of premature stop codons in mutated messenger RNAs might be used to treat patients
suffering from certain heritable genetic disorders.
Received 23 January 2007; received after revision 25 February 2007; accepted 29 March 2007 相似文献
123.
The RecQ family of DNA helicases is highly conserved throughout evolution and plays an important role in the maintenance of
genomic stability in all organisms. Mutations in three of the five known family members in humans, BLM, WRN and RECQL4, give rise to disorders that are characterized by predisposition to cancer and premature aging, emphasizing the importance
of studying the RecQ proteins and their cellular activities. Interestingly, three autosomal recessive disorders have been
associated with mutations in the RECQL4 gene: Rothmund-Thomson, RAPADILINO, and Baller-Gerold syndromes, thus making RECQL4 unique within the RecQ family of DNA
helicases. To date, however, the molecular function of RECQL4 and the possible cellular pathways in which it is involved remain
poorly understood. Here, we present an overview of recent findings in connection with RECQL4 and try to highlight different
directions the field could head, helping to clarify the role of RECQL4 in preventing tumorigenesis and maintenance of genome
integrity in humans.
Received 31 October 2006; received after revision 4 January 2007; accepted 5 February 2007 相似文献
124.
Beyond their role in replication and chromosome end capping, telomeres are also thought to function in meiotic chromosome pairing, meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation as well as in nuclear organization. Observations in both somatic and meiotic cells suggest that the positioning of telomeres within the nucleus is highly specific and believed to be dependent mainly on telomere interactions with the nuclear envelope either directly or through chromatin interacting proteins. Although little is known about the mechanism of telomere clustering, some studies show that it is an active process. Recent data have suggested a regulatory role for telomere chromatin structure in telomere movement. This review will summarize recent studies on telomere interactions with the nuclear matrix, telomere chromatin structure and factors that modify telomere chromatin structure as related to regulation of telomere movement. 相似文献
125.
Alcaïs A Alter A Antoni G Orlova M Nguyen VT Singh M Vanderborght PR Katoch K Mira MT Vu HT Ngyuen TH Nguyen NB Moraes M Mehra N Schurr E Abel L 《Nature genetics》2007,39(4):517-522
Host genetics has an important role in leprosy, and variants in the shared promoter region of PARK2 and PACRG were the first major susceptibility factors identified by positional cloning. Here we report the linkage disequilibrium mapping of the second linkage peak of our previous genome-wide scan, located close to the HLA complex. In both a Vietnamese familial sample and an Indian case-control sample, the low-producing lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA)+80 A allele was significantly associated with an increase in leprosy risk (P = 0.007 and P = 0.01, respectively). Analysis of an additional case-control sample from Brazil and an additional familial sample from Vietnam showed that the LTA+80 effect was much stronger in young individuals. In the combined sample of 298 Vietnamese familial trios, the odds ratio of leprosy for LTA+80 AA/AC versus CC subjects was 2.11 (P = 0.000024), which increased to 5.63 (P = 0.0000004) in the subsample of 121 trios of affected individuals diagnosed before 16 years of age. In addition to identifying LTA as a major gene associated with early-onset leprosy, our study highlights the critical role of case- and population-specific factors in the dissection of susceptibility variants in complex diseases. 相似文献
126.
Roberts AE Araki T Swanson KD Montgomery KT Schiripo TA Joshi VA Li L Yassin Y Tamburino AM Neel BG Kucherlapati RS 《Nature genetics》2007,39(1):70-74
Noonan syndrome, the most common single-gene cause of congenital heart disease, is characterized by short stature, characteristic facies, learning problems and leukemia predisposition. Gain-of-function mutations in PTPN11, encoding the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, cause approximately 50% of Noonan syndrome cases. SHP2 is required for RAS-ERK MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade activation, and Noonan syndrome mutants enhance ERK activation ex vivo and in mice. KRAS mutations account for <5% of cases of Noonan syndrome, but the gene(s) responsible for the remainder are unknown. We identified missense mutations in SOS1, which encodes an essential RAS guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (RAS-GEF), in approximately 20% of cases of Noonan syndrome without PTPN11 mutation. The prevalence of specific cardiac defects differs in SOS1 mutation-associated Noonan syndrome. Noonan syndrome-associated SOS1 mutations are hypermorphs encoding products that enhance RAS and ERK activation. Our results identify SOS1 mutants as a major cause of Noonan syndrome, representing the first example of activating GEF mutations associated with human disease and providing new insights into RAS-GEF regulation. 相似文献
127.
Recombination and linkage disequilibrium in Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Kim S Plagnol V Hu TT Toomajian C Clark RM Ossowski S Ecker JR Weigel D Nordborg M 《Nature genetics》2007,39(9):1151-1155
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a major aspect of the organization of genetic variation in natural populations. Here we describe the genome-wide pattern of LD in a sample of 19 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions using 341,602 non-singleton SNPs. LD decays within 10 kb on average, considerably faster than previously estimated. Tag SNP selection algorithms and 'hide-the-SNP' simulations suggest that genome-wide association mapping will require only 40%-50% of the observed SNPs, a reduction similar to estimates in a sample of African Americans. An Affymetrix genotyping array containing 250,000 SNPs has been designed based on these results; we demonstrate that it should have more than adequate coverage for genome-wide association mapping. The extent of LD is highly variable, and we find clear evidence of recombination hotspots, which seem to occur preferentially in intergenic regions. LD also reflects the action of selection, and it is more extensive between nonsynonymous polymorphisms than between synonymous polymorphisms. 相似文献
128.
Mutations in the gene encoding the basal body protein RPGRIP1L, a nephrocystin-4 interactor, cause Joubert syndrome 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Arts HH Doherty D van Beersum SE Parisi MA Letteboer SJ Gorden NT Peters TA Märker T Voesenek K Kartono A Ozyurek H Farin FM Kroes HY Wolfrum U Brunner HG Cremers FP Glass IA Knoers NV Roepman R 《Nature genetics》2007,39(7):882-888
Protein-protein interaction analyses have uncovered a ciliary and basal body protein network that, when disrupted, can result in nephronophthisis (NPHP), Leber congenital amaurosis, Senior-L?ken syndrome (SLSN) or Joubert syndrome (JBTS). However, details of the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders remain poorly understood. RPGRIP1-like protein (RPGRIP1L) is a homolog of RPGRIP1 (RPGR-interacting protein 1), a ciliary protein defective in Leber congenital amaurosis. We show that RPGRIP1L interacts with nephrocystin-4 and that mutations in the gene encoding nephrocystin-4 (NPHP4) that are known to cause SLSN disrupt this interaction. RPGRIP1L is ubiquitously expressed, and its protein product localizes to basal bodies. Therefore, we analyzed RPGRIP1L as a candidate gene for JBTS and identified loss-of-function mutations in three families with typical JBTS, including the characteristic mid-hindbrain malformation. This work identifies RPGRIP1L as a gene responsible for JBTS and establishes a central role for cilia and basal bodies in the pathophysiology of this disorder. 相似文献
129.
A genome-wide association study for celiac disease identifies risk variants in the region harboring IL2 and IL21 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
van Heel DA Franke L Hunt KA Gwilliam R Zhernakova A Inouye M Wapenaar MC Barnardo MC Bethel G Holmes GK Feighery C Jewell D Kelleher D Kumar P Travis S Walters JR Sanders DS Howdle P Swift J Playford RJ McLaren WM Mearin ML Mulder CJ McManus R McGinnis R Cardon LR Deloukas P Wijmenga C 《Nature genetics》2007,39(7):827-829
We tested 310,605 SNPs for association in 778 individuals with celiac disease and 1,422 controls. Outside the HLA region, the most significant finding (rs13119723; P = 2.0 x 10(-7)) was in the KIAA1109-TENR-IL2-IL21 linkage disequilibrium block. We independently confirmed association in two further collections (strongest association at rs6822844, 24 kb 5' of IL21; meta-analysis P = 1.3 x 10(-14), odds ratio = 0.63), suggesting that genetic variation in this region predisposes to celiac disease. 相似文献
130.