The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste

The sense of taste provides animals with valuable information about the nature and quality of food. Bitter taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of toxic and noxious substances. T2Rs are a family of approximately 30 highly divergent G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are selectively expressed in the tongue and palate epithelium and are implicated in bitter taste sensing. Here we demonstrate, using a combination of genetic, behavioural and physiological studies, that T2R receptors are necessary and sufficient for the detection and perception of bitter compounds, and show that differences in T2Rs between species (human and mouse) can determine the selectivity of bitter taste responses. In addition, we show that mice engineered to express a bitter taste receptor in 'sweet cells' become strongly attracted to its cognate bitter tastants, whereas expression of the same receptor (or even a novel GPCR) in T2R-expressing cells resulted in mice that are averse to the respective compounds. Together these results illustrate the fundamental principle of bitter taste coding at the periphery: dedicated cells act as broadly tuned bitter sensors that are wired to mediate behavioural aversion.     

蛋白聚糖NG2中硫酸软骨素糖胺聚糖链调节稳定转染NG2的U251细胞迁移能力

应用PCR反应使编码蛋白聚糖NG2的核苷酸在3064-3065位置的AG突变成为GC, 构建突变型NG2/S999A. 用表达野生型NG2和突变型NG2/S999A及空白表达载体分别稳定转染人成胶质细胞瘤U251. 应用Western Blot方法鉴定转染后的U251细胞表达野生型及突变型NG2的状态, 证实突变型NG2A999稳定转染的U251细胞株表达的NG2缺失硫酸软骨素葡糖胺聚糖链（C S-GAG）. 比较了3种U251细胞株的迁移, 表明蛋白聚糖NG2中CS-GAG链影响细胞的迁移能 力.     

牦牛骨胶原蛋白肽的制备及其抗冻性能研究

以新鲜牦牛骨为原料,制备了牦牛骨胶原抗冻肽,并对其抗冻性能进行了研究。结果表明,以EDTA·2Na为脱钙剂对牛骨进行脱钙的最佳脱钙浓度为0.25 mol/L,脱钙时长为48 h,得到的胶原蛋白最大提取率为43.99%。胃蛋白酶酶解制备酶解复合物的最佳时间为48 h,温度25 ℃,得到的胶原蛋白的提取率可达48.53%。同时,采用改良的冰亲和吸附法对胶原抗冻肽进行吸附,得到最佳吸附时间为4 h,吸附温度为-2 ℃,吸附浓度为2 mg/ml,在此条件下,蛋白得率为48.1%,而热滞活性值可高达5.76 ℃。牦牛骨胶原抗冻肽属于一种高热滞活性蛋白资源,在食品冷冻保藏以及运输等领域有较好的应用前景。     

Windows环境下蒙古文复杂文本处理的研究

简要介绍了复杂文本和Uniscribe布局引擎,然后介绍一种基于Uniscribe的蒙古文Unicode文本的解释算法,解决Windows环境下字处理软件不支持蒙古文国际标准编码的问题.该算法具有较好的通用性,能够有效处理多种复杂文本语言,在蒙古文字处理软件MWord中的应用说明了该算法的有效性.     

2N＋1阶KdV型方程的Adomian近似解析解

利用Adomian分解法,给出2N+1阶KdV型方程的近似解析解,将Adomian近似解与精确解进行比较,结果表明,近似解具有很高的精确度,收敛于精确解的速度也很快.     

利用从sine-Gordon方程得到的变换求解非线性波动方程

对一种求解非线性波动方程的新方法进行了扩展,并对其中的关键操作步骤做了改进,利用改进后的方法可以构造出一些新的非线性波动方程的精确解。     

Insect motion detectors matched to visual ecology

To detect motion, primates, birds and insects all use local detectors to correlate signals sampled at one location in the image with those sampled after a delay at adjacent locations. These detectors can adapt to high image velocities by shortening the delay. To investigate whether they use long delays for detecting low velocities, we compared motion-sensitive neurons in ten species of fast-flying insects, some of which encounter low velocities while hovering. Neurons of bee-flies and hawkmoths, which hover, are tuned to lower temporal frequencies than those of butterflies and bumblebees, which do not. Tuning to low frequencies indicates longer delays and extends sensitivity to lower velocities. Hoverflies retain fast temporal tuning but use their high spatial acuity for sensing low-velocity motion. Thus an unexpectedly wide range of spatio-temporal tuning matches motion detection to visual ecology.     

三角函数型辅助方程法与非线性发展方程的精确解

以辅助方程法和双曲正切函数法为基础,给出构造非线性发展方程精确解的三角函数型辅助方程法.借助符号计算系统Mathematica构造了Boussinesq方程和Klein-Gordon方程的Jacobi椭圆函数精确解和精确孤波解.