人工关节材料及其表面改性研究进展

人工关节是替代病变或损伤关节的植入性假体,除了应满足生物相容性要求外,必须具备足够的抗磨损能力。本文综述了目前使用的不同人工关节材料的性能,以及为提高抗磨损能力而对各种材料进行改性处理的新方法,提出在人工关节表面加工微纳结构来提高其抗磨损性能和生物相容性的新思路。     

Investigation of Jacket Silhouette Based on Ease Distribution

The silhouette of women＇s garment is diversified in its design. In this paper,a new model was developed to predict the silhouette of jacket for the given girth measurements. Sixty-three princess-seam women＇s jackets with seven styles and nine girth dimensions of each style were produced. Their ease distribution was investigated at bustline,waistline,and hipline,respectively. The widths of the cross-sections for bustline,waistline,and hipline were formulated by multiple linear regressions. Then the silhouette was captured from the ratio of waist width to bust width of a designed jacket,together with that of waist width to hip width.     

基于小波与BP神经网络的太阳黑子时间序列分析预测

太阳黑子年平均数序列是典型的非线性、复杂时间序列.本文利用小波变换,将太阳黑子年平均数序列进行分解重构,对信号的周期特性进行分析,然后采用BP神经网络对重构信号进行预测,建立太阳黑子年平均数的预测序列.结果表明,该模型具有较高的预测精度.     

Diving insects boost their buoyancy bubbles

Backswimmers (Notonectidae) are common diving insects found around the world that exploit the mid-water zone for predation--they breathe by using an air bubble collected at the surface. Here we show that backswimmers achieve prolonged periods of neutral buoyancy by using oxygen stored in their haemoglobin to stabilize the volume of the bubble as they breathe from it. This enables them to maintain their position in the water column without continually swimming.     

Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response

Ionizing radiation represents the most effective therapy for glioblastoma (World Health Organization grade IV glioma), one of the most lethal human malignancies, but radiotherapy remains only palliative because of radioresistance. The mechanisms underlying tumour radioresistance have remained elusive. Here we show that cancer stem cells contribute to glioma radioresistance through preferential activation of the DNA damage checkpoint response and an increase in DNA repair capacity. The fraction of tumour cells expressing CD133 (Prominin-1), a marker for both neural stem cells and brain cancer stem cells, is enriched after radiation in gliomas. In both cell culture and the brains of immunocompromised mice, CD133-expressing glioma cells survive ionizing radiation in increased proportions relative to most tumour cells, which lack CD133. CD133-expressing tumour cells isolated from both human glioma xenografts and primary patient glioblastoma specimens preferentially activate the DNA damage checkpoint in response to radiation, and repair radiation-induced DNA damage more effectively than CD133-negative tumour cells. In addition, the radioresistance of CD133-positive glioma stem cells can be reversed with a specific inhibitor of the Chk1 and Chk2 checkpoint kinases. Our results suggest that CD133-positive tumour cells represent the cellular population that confers glioma radioresistance and could be the source of tumour recurrence after radiation. Targeting DNA damage checkpoint response in cancer stem cells may overcome this radioresistance and provide a therapeutic model for malignant brain cancers.     

Eastern Pacific cooling and Atlantic overturning circulation during the last deglaciation

Surface ocean conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean could hold the clue to whether millennial-scale global climate change during glacial times was initiated through tropical ocean-atmosphere feedbacks or by changes in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. North Atlantic cold periods during Heinrich events and millennial-scale cold events (stadials) have been linked with climatic changes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and South America, as well as the Indian and East Asian monsoon systems, but not with tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures. Here we present a high-resolution record of sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific derived from alkenone unsaturation measurements. Our data show a temperature drop of approximately 1 degrees C, synchronous (within dating uncertainties) with the shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during Heinrich event 1, and a smaller temperature drop of approximately 0.5 degrees C synchronous with the smaller reduction in the overturning circulation during the Younger Dryas event. Both cold events coincide with maxima in surface ocean productivity as inferred from 230Th-normalized carbon burial fluxes, suggesting increased upwelling at the time. From the concurrence of equatorial Pacific cooling with the two North Atlantic cold periods during deglaciation, we conclude that these millennial-scale climate changes were probably driven by a reorganization of the oceans' thermohaline circulation, although possibly amplified by tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction as suggested before.     

Bacterial adhesion and biofilms on surfaces

Bacterial adhesion has become a significant problem in industry and in the domicile,and much research has been done for deeper understanding of the processes involved.A generic biological model of bacterial adhesion and population growth called the bacterial biofilm growth cycle,has been described and modified many times.The biofilm growth cycle encompasses bacterial adhesion at all levels,starting with the initial physical attraction of bacteria to a substrate,and ending with the eventual liberation of cell dusters from the biofilm matrix.When describing bacterial adhesion one is simply describing one or more stages of biofilm development,neglecting the fact that the population may not reach maturity.This article provides an overview of bacterial adhesion.cites examples of how bac-terial adhesion affects industry and summarises methods and instrumentation used to improve our understanding of the adhesive prop-erties of bacteria.     

Regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by MAP kinase phosphatase 5

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are essential regulators in immune responses, and their activities are modulated by kinases and phosphatases. MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) is a family of dual-specificity phosphatases whose function is evolutionarily conserved. A number of mammalian MKPs have been identified so far, but their specific physiological functions in negative regulation of MAP kinases have not been genetically defined. Here we examine innate and adaptive immune responses in the absence of MKP5. JNK activity was selectively increased in Mkp5 (also known as Dusp10)-deficient mouse cells. Mkp5-deficient cells produced greatly enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines during innate immune responses and exhibited greater T-cell activation than their wild-type counterparts. However, Mkp5-deficient T cells proliferated poorly upon activation, which resulted in increased resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. By contrast, Mkp5-deficient CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T cells produced significantly increased levels of cytokines compared with wild-type cells, which led to much more robust and rapidly fatal immune responses to secondary infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Therefore, MKP5 has a principal function in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and represents a novel target for therapeutic intervention of immune diseases.     

基于免疫单亲遗传和模糊C均值的聚类算法

聚类算法是数据挖掘算法中的重要方法之一。本文在分析了FCM算法和基于遗传聚类算法的不足基础上,提出了一种基于免疫单亲遗传和模糊C均值的混合聚类算法,克服了FCM的局部最优问题以及普通遗传算法聚类时的搜索速度和聚类精度的矛盾,实验表明该算法是有效的。