Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism on endangered species: relationships with neighboring avian species

Loss of reproductive productivity in hosts of the Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater ), a nest parasite, may limit the success of conservation and recovery efforts that focus on restoring avian habitat. We investigated the relationships between parasitism frequency of 2 vireos—the endangered Black-capped Vireo ( Vireo atricapillus ) and the White-eyed Vireo ( Vireo griseus )—and characteristics of the neighboring avian assemblage. Our objective was to identify assemblage characteristics that are useful for predicting parasitism frequency. We hypothesized that parasitism frequency of the vireos would decrease with increasing alternate host abundance and increase with increasing abundance of cowbirds. All Black-capped Vireo nests ( n = 20) and 81% of White-eyed Vireo nests ( n = 27) were parasitized. Parasitism frequency of White-eyed Vireos was positively correlated with the number of cowbirds detected ( r = 0.84, df = 4, P = 0.018). Parasitism frequency of White-eyed Vireos was negatively correlated with abundance of the Black-and white Warbler ( Mniotilta varia; r = 0.891, df = 4, P = 0.009) but was not correlated with abundance of other cowbird hosts. The relationship between Black-and-white Warbler abundance and parasitism frequency may be due to chance, given the small sample size and narrow range of parasitism frequencies, but the relationship may also reflect an interaction (requiring further investigation) between parasitism and the vegetation characteristics associated with Black-and white Warblers. Our results imply that reducing cowbird abundance will reduce parasitism frequency of Black-capped Vireos. When the number of cowbirds in an area predicts parasitism, land managers would benefit from identifying a target cowbird abundance based on the levels of parasitism the host population can tolerate while still meeting productivity and population objectives for the species. La disminución de productividad debido al parasitismo por el tordo negro ( Molothrus ater ) podría limitar el éxito de los esfuerzos de conservación y recuperación de las aves que se centran en la restauración del hábitat. Investigamos la relación entre la frecuencia de parasitismo en el vireo gorrinegro ( Vireo atricapilla ), que está en peligro de extinción, y en otra especie de vireo, el vireo ojiblanco ( Vireo griseus ), así como su relación con las características de la población circunvecina de aves para identificar las características que sirven para predecir la frecuencia del parasitismo. Planteamos la hipótesis de que la frecuencia de parasitismo en los vireos disminuiría con el aumento de la abundancia de huéspedes alternativos y aumentaría al incrementarse la abundancia de tordos. Todos los nidos del vireo gorrinegro ( n = 20) y el 81% de los nidos del vireo ojiblanco ( n = 27) fueron parasitados. La frecuencia de parasitismo en los vireos ojiblancos estaba correlacionada positivamente con el número de tordos detectados ( r = 0.84, gdl = 4, P = 0.018). Estaba correlacionada negativamente con la abundancia ( r = 0.891, gdl = 4, P = 0.009) del chipe trepador ( Mniotilta varia ), pero no estaba correlacionada con la abundancia de otros huéspedes de los tordos. La relación entre la abundancia de chipe trepador y la frecuencia da parasitismo podría ser aleatoria, dado lo pequeño de la muestra y la poca variación en las frecuencias de parasitismo, pero también podría reflejar una interacción entre el parasitismo y las características de la vegetación asociada con el chipe trepador que requiere más investigación. Nuestros resultados indican que la disminución de la abundancia de tordos reduce la frecuencia de parasitismo en el vireo gorrinegro. Cuando el número de tordos en una área predice el parasitismo, los administradores de recursos naturales podrían beneficiarse de la identificación de una abundancia meta del tordo, basada en los niveles de parasitismo que la población huésped pueda sostener y todavía alcanzar los objetivos de productividad y población de la especie.     

Factors influencing the frequency of nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds in the northern Sierra Nevada

Nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ) can negatively affect host populations. Landscape-scale factors, such as proximity to residential areas, equestrian riding stables, and grazing allotments, can affect the risk of nest parasitism as well as the abundance of Brown-headed Cowbirds. Recent increases in residential and recreational development along with a reduction in grazing allotments in the northern Sierra Nevada provide an opportunity to reevaluate factors that influence frequency of nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Frequency of nest parasitism increased as the distance to the nearest residential center and distance to the nearest equestrian riding stable decreased. Similarly, Brown-headed Cowbird abundance was negatively correlated with distance to the nearest residential center and distance to the nearest equestrian stable. To reduce the risk of nest parasitism, efforts should be devoted to (1) reducing further residential development at the wildland–urban interface and (2) educating landowners about bird feeders, which frequently attract Brown-headed Cowbirds.     

Bats of the White and Inyo Mountains of California-nevada

We surveyed bats throughout the White and Inyo Mountains of California and Nevada. From December 1990 to November 1996, we surveyed hibernating bats, and foraging bats from June 1992 to September 1996. The White-Inyo Range rests in a unique biogeographical junction between the Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert, and Great Basin Regions. Elevational gradients of 305-4340 m, combined with limited human development, further enhance the interest of natural history and faunal distributions in this range. We found 13 bat species in the course of 2668 observations. Three of these species, the spotted bat ( Euderma maculatum ), silver-haired bat ( Lasionycteris noctivagans ), and hoary bat ( Lasturus cinereus ), have no previous records from the White-Inyo Range. We found bats in all vegetation zones except alpine, 3500-4342 m. Despite an abundance of mines in this range, only Townsend's big-eared bat ( Corynorhinus townsendii ) and western small-footed myotis ( Myotis ciliolabrum ) used them routinely. Our data also indicated the importance of surface water to bat populations in arid regions.     

Parameters for reliable results in genetic association studies in common disease.

It is increasingly apparent that the identification of true genetic associations in common multifactorial disease will require studies comprising thousands rather than the hundreds of individuals employed to date. Using 2,873 families, we were unable to confirm a recently published association of the interleukin 12B gene in 422 type I diabetic families. These results emphasize the need for large datasets, small P values and independent replication if results are to be reliable.     

Observations on salicyl hydroxamic acid,an experimental trypanocide

Summary The inferior in vivo efficacy of salicyl hydroxamic acid against trypanosomiasis may be explained by its short half-life, high degree of protein binding and low tissue levels.     

Vestibular influences on vegetative functions during the rapid eye movement periods of desynchronized sleep

Riassunto Le modificazioni fasiche del diametro pupillare e della frequenza cardiaca sincrone coi REM caratteristici del sonno desincronizzato scompaiono dopo distruzione bilaterale dei nuclei vestibolari mediale e discendente.

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This investigation was supported by PHS research grant NB-02990-04 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, NIH, Public Health Service, USA.     

Calbindin immunoreactivity alternates with cytochrome c-oxidase-rich zones in some layers of the primate visual cortex

Calcium ions have a pivotal role in many neuronal activities, but little is known about their involvement in the cortical processing of visual information. Using immunohistochemical methods, we have now detected a calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D-28K, which may confer on certain compartments of cortical area 17 the ability to modulate Ca2+ metabolism. Thus, calbindin occurs in the primate striate cortex in a pattern almost complementary to that displaying strong cytochrome c-oxidase activity. From this and other observations, we deduce that the distribution of calbindin-immunoreactive sites corresponds mainly to extra-geniculocortical connections of the primary visual cortex. This implies that the geniculocortical and extra-geniculocortical compartments of area 17 differ in an intracellular system for Ca2+ homeostasis.     

A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres

Volatile organic compounds play a central role in the processes that generate both urban photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone. For successful and accurate prediction of these pollution episodes, identification of the dominant reactive species within the volatile organic carbon pool is needed. At present, lack of resolution inherent in single-column chromatographic analysis limits such a detailed chemical characterization of the complex urban atmosphere. Here we present an improved method of peak deconvolution from double-column (orthogonal) gas chromatography. This has enabled us to isolate and classify more than 500 chemical species of volatile organic compounds in urban air, including over 100 multi-substituted monoaromatic and volatile oxygenated hydrocarbons. We suggest that previous assessments of reactive carbon species may therefore have underestimated the contribution made by volatile organic compounds to urban pollution, particularly for compounds with more than six carbon atoms. Incorporating these species in predictive models should greatly improve our understanding of photochemical ozone yields and the formation of harmful secondary organic aerosols.