Formation of ordered ice nanotubes inside carbon nanotubes

Following their discovery, carbon nanotubes have attracted interest not only for their unusual electrical and mechanical properties, but also because their hollow interior can serve as a nanometre-sized capillary, mould or template in material fabrication. The ability to encapsulate a material in a nanotube also offers new possibilities for investigating dimensionally confined phase transitions. Particularly intriguing is the conjecture that matter within the narrow confines of a carbon nanotube might exhibit a solid-liquid critical point beyond which the distinction between solid and liquid phases disappears. This unusual feature, which cannot occur in bulk material, would allow for the direct and continuous transformation of liquid matter into a solid. Here we report simulations of the behaviour of water encapsulated in carbon nanotubes that suggest the existence of a variety of new ice phases not seen in bulk ice, and of a solid-liquid critical point. Using carbon nanotubes with diameters ranging from 1.1 nm to 1.4 nm and applied axial pressures of 50 MPa to 500 MPa, we find that water can exhibit a first-order freezing transition to hexagonal and heptagonal ice nanotubes, and a continuous phase transformation into solid-like square or pentagonal ice nanotubes.     

Influences of Reactive Compatibilizer R-Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer on PA6/PP Blends

The effect of R-styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (RSMA) compatibilzation on Nylon 6 ( PA6 )/polypropylene ( PP ) blends has been investigated experimentally through Molau test,microscopic morphology,and chemical structure.Results show that the moderate R-SMA addition can promote reaction between anhydride in R-SMA and amino in PA6,and lead to a new PA6-gR-SMA copolymer in the blends.Such PA6-g-R-SMA copolymer in the blends can effectively reduce the interfacial tension and PP particle size,and improve the compatibility of two immiscible phases in the blends.The crystallinity of PA6 in PA6/PP blends has greatly decreased by PP blends.The blends have the best comprehensive mechanical and thermal properties when the mass ratio of PA6/PP/R-SMA is 90∶10∶2 to 90∶10∶4.The impact strength of the PA6/PP blends with the compatibilizer is increased bv more than 150 ％.     

Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein.

Since the discovery of insulin nearly 70 years ago, there has been no problem more fundamental to diabetes research than understanding how insulin works at the cellular level. Insulin binds to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor which activates the tyrosine kinase in the beta subunit, but the molecular events linking the receptor kinase to insulin-sensitive enzymes and transport processes are unknown. Our discovery that insulin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of relative molecular mass between 165,000 and 185,000, collectively called pp185, showed that the insulin receptor kinase has specific cellular substrates. The pp185 is a minor cytoplasmic phosphoprotein found in most cells and tissues; its phosphorylation is decreased in cells expressing mutant receptors defective in signalling. We have now cloned IRS-1, which encodes a component of the pp185 band. IRS-1 contains over ten potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites, six of which are in Tyr-Met-X-Met motifs. During insulin stimulation, the IRS-1 protein undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and binds phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, suggesting that IRS-1 acts as a multisite 'docking' protein to bind signal-transducing molecules containing Src-homology 2 and Src-homology-3 domains. Thus IRS-1 may link the insulin receptor kinase and enzymes regulating cellular growth and metabolism.     

A physiological role for endogenous zinc in rat hippocampal synaptic neurotransmission.

The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains an abundance of the transition metal zinc, which is highly localized in the neuronal parenchyma. Zinc is actively taken up and stored in synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals, and stimulation of nerve fibre tracts that contain large amounts of zinc, such as the hippocampal mossy fibre system, can induce its release, suggesting that it may act as a neuromodulator. The known interaction of zinc with the major excitatory and inhibitory amino-acid neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS supports this notion. That zinc has a role in CNS synaptic transmission, however, has so far not been shown. Here we report a physiological role for zinc in the young rat hippocampus (postnatal, P3-P14 days). Our results indicate that naturally occurring spontaneous giant depolarizing synaptic potentials (GDPs) in young CA3 pyramidal neurones, mediated by the release of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), are induced by endogenously released zinc. These synaptic potentials are inhibited by specific zinc-chelating agents. GDPs are apparently generated by an inhibitory action of zinc on both pre- and postsynaptic GABAB receptors in the hippocampus. Our study implies that zinc modulates synaptic transmission in the immature hippocampus, a finding that may have implications for understanding benign postnatal seizures in young children suffering with acute zinc deficiency.     

鄂尔多斯地区不同生境类型对苔藓植物多样性和丰富度的影响

对鄂尔多斯地区皇甫川人工治理区和阿贵庙自然保护区不同生境类型下的苔藓植物的多样性和丰富度进行研究.结果表明,维管植物的种类和分布影响苔藓植物的生长和分布模式,其创造的微生境为苔藓植物提供了避难所,但维管植物产生的地被物(枯枝、落叶)又抑制了苔藓植物在其下的分布.苔藓植物α多样性的变化不仅与生境的变化有关,还与构成生境的群落结构要素有关,这些结构要素包括群落的层片结构,维管植物的郁闭度、盖度、种类组成,地被物的盖度和分布格局,藻类的盖度和分布格局.苔藓植物β多样性的变化与群落结构的关系更为密切,相似群落结构间的β多样性相似系数明显高于结构存在差异的群落.     

不同破壁方法对海洋毕赤酵母提取物的提取及应用

摘要：海洋酵母作为重要的微生物资源越来越受到重视. 本实验以从红树林沉积物中分离的海洋酵母?Pichia guilliermondii SY-19菌株作实验材料,制成质量浓度分别为5%、7.5%及10%的细胞悬液,用蜗牛酶法、双酶法（甘露聚糖酶和-葡聚糖酶）及热碱法等3种方法分组进行破壁处理12 h,每3 h检测1次酵母细胞数量及多糖、蛋白质、氨基氮和核酸等营养物质的含量,计算得率,确定合适的方法制备酵母提取物;对经有害无机氮胁迫处理2周的凡纳滨对虾,分别以配合饲料、菌液拌料和酵母提取物拌料投喂3周,比较对虾的存活率及生长状况. 结果表明,热碱法处理的破壁率和核酸提取量最高,但其他营养物含量稳定性差;而双酶法处理的蛋白质、氨基氮和多糖的得率最高且营养保留效果较好,以该法最佳条件即5% 酵母悬液处理12 h制备酵母提取物作为饲料添加剂。胁迫过的对虾经3周的饲养恢复,其增重和存活率表现为酵母提取物拌料饲喂的对虾最高（77.674.62%, 2.790.11g）,菌液拌料饲喂的次之（62.009.90%, 2.440.16 g）,未拌料的最低（53.6712.91%, 2.190.02 g）,对虾存活率上三组有显著差异（p0.05）,添加酵母提取物的与未拌料对照组的终体重存在显著差异（p0.05）。本文的研究结果表明该菌株在对虾健康养殖中具有较好的潜在价值.     

锂离子电池供电型便携式高频X射线机的研制

在总结相关专利的基础上,本文发明了一种便携式高频X射线机的锂离子电池的供电方法和控制电路。阐述了锂离子电池给X射线管的高压供电和灯丝加热。设计了半桥逆变的主电路方案,以及X射线机的管电压和管电流的反馈检测电路装置。样机总质量1.5 kg,总体积不大于15 cm×15 cm×15 cm。电池组容量可曝光300次,输出电压范围在19~25 V之间,管电压60 k V,波动5%,管电流2 m A,波动8%。样机轻便,体积小,便于携带,且能拍摄出清晰图片,能满足拍片要求。基于半桥逆变的供电方案,其管电流、管电压的波动比全桥逆变供电时要大,即精度会有所降低,但其结构简单,成本降低,体积减少,适合制作小容量的便携式X射线机。     

染料掺杂的向列相液晶智能调光器件的开关态特性

提出了一种染料掺杂的向列相液晶智能玻璃器件的制作过程,并研究了它的开关态特性.先在上下两基板（ITO）上涂覆聚酰亚胺取向层,将液晶平铺在下基板上,再用带有密封胶框的上基板沿同一摩擦取向方向与下基板压合,制得向列相液晶器件.未加电场时,液晶在取向层的作用下形成平行与基板的多畴排列状态;施加电场后,液晶逐渐在电场作用转向,由平行于基板的多畴排列状态转变为垂直于基板的单畴排列状态,可见光在液晶器件中由散射转为透射,由关态转为开态,从而实现其明暗的切换.染料浓度与驱动电压共同影响器件的透射率.器件开关态阈值电压随器件厚度的增大而增大,在染料液晶浓度5%,盒厚30m时,器件的阈值电压为5 V,饱和电压为15 V,此时智能玻璃的透射率最高,明暗切换特性越好.