Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling

Membrane curvature is no longer seen as a passive consequence of cellular activity but an active means to create membrane domains and to organize centres for membrane trafficking. Curvature can be dynamically modulated by changes in lipid composition, the oligomerization of curvature scaffolding proteins and the reversible insertion of protein regions that act like wedges in membranes. There is an interplay between curvature-generating and curvature-sensing proteins during vesicle budding. This is seen during vesicle budding and in the formation of microenvironments. On a larger scale, membrane curvature is a prime player in growth, division and movement.     

WNT7b mediates macrophage-induced programmed cell death in patterning of the vasculature

Macrophages have a critical role in inflammatory and immune responses through their ability to recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. Here we show that macrophages initiate a cell-death programme in target cells by activating the canonical WNT pathway. We show in mice that macrophage WNT7b is a short-range paracrine signal required for WNT-pathway responses and programmed cell death in the vascular endothelial cells of the temporary hyaloid vessels of the developing eye. These findings indicate that macrophages can use WNT ligands to influence cell-fate decisions--including cell death--in adjacent cells, and raise the possibility that they do so in many different cellular contexts.     

Signal relay by BMP antagonism controls the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop in vertebrate limb buds.

Outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb are controlled by reciprocal interactions between the posterior mesenchyme (polarizing region) and a specialized ectodermal structure, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling by the polarizing region modulates fibroblast growth factor (FGF)4 signalling by the posterior AER, which in turn maintains the polarizing region (SHH/FGF4 feedback loop). Here we report that the secreted bone-morphogenetic-protein (BMP) antagonist Gremlin relays the SHH signal from the polarizing region to the AER. Mesenchymal Gremlin expression is lost in limb buds of mouse embryos homozygous for the limb deformity (Id) mutation, which disrupts establishment of the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop. Grafting Gremlin-expressing cells into ld mutant limb buds rescues Fgf4 expression and restores the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop. Analysis of Shh-null mutant embryos reveals that SHH signalling is required for maintenance of Gremlin and Formin (the gene disrupted by the ld mutations). In contrast, Formin, Gremlin and Fgf4 activation are independent of SHH signalling. This study uncovers the cascade by which the SHH signal is relayed from the posterior mesenchyme to the AER and establishes that Formin-dependent activation of the BMP antagonist Gremlin is sufficient to induce Fgf4 and establish the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop.     

Sm(Ⅲ)(BCB)3与DNA的相互作用机理

以中性红(NR)作探针,利用光谱法研究钐(Ⅲ)与灿烂甲酚蓝(BCB)形成的配合物Sm(Ⅲ)(BCB)3与鲱鱼精脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的相互作用.研究结果表明Sm(Ⅲ)(BCB)3与鲱鱼精DNA结合比n(Sm(Ⅲ)(BCB)3)n(DNA)=41,其结合常数为2.30×105L/mol.Sm(Ⅲ)(BCB)3与鲱鱼精DNA之间的作用方式主要为沟槽作用方式,△rH☉m和△rS☉m都有利于Sm(Ⅲ)(BCB)3-DNA超分子复合物的形成,但主要影响因素是△rS☉m.     

超声导波波包宽度与管材内径-壁厚比的关系

在自由管材的情况下,在各传播距离、各频厚积和各激发脉冲周数上,分析了内径-壁厚比和管材中较低阶纵向导波模式波包宽度的关系.分析结果表明:当内径-壁厚比较小时,内径-壁厚比的变化对各导波模式的波包宽度有较大影响,但随内径-壁厚比的增加,这种影响将减小;内径-壁厚比对导波波包宽度的影响随导波模式阶次的增加而减小.另一方面,对于不同内径-壁厚比的管材,检测中应当用不同的导波模式,所用的激发脉冲周数和频厚积也应当不同.     

摩托车曲柄花键冷挤刀具的设计

北方易初为了提高摩托车曲柄花键的生产率 ,从日本进口了冷挤机床及其冷挤刀具 ,该刀具价格昂贵 ,约为一万美元。该厂在近一年的国内调研中 ,还未找到能生产该刀具的厂家。本文就针对北方易初的摩托车曲柄花键 ,应用弹、塑性理论 ,有限元方法等来研究冷挤过程中的材料流动情况 ,塑性变形及弹性恢复 ,由此来确定刀具的齿数及每齿的形状尺寸等相关参数 ,设计并画出冷挤刀具的零件图。为能自行制造该类刀具提供有益的参考。     

Changes in spinal cord reflexes after cross-anastomosis of cutaneous and muscle nerves in the adult rat

Evidence exists that the specification of afferent nerves and their central connections in the embryo may depend in part on influences from the peripheral target innervated. We have now investigated whether such peripheral determination persists in the adult rat using the unmyelinated afferent system of C fibres, which differ chemically in the adult depending on their target. We have previously shown that if the cutaneous sural nerve and the muscle gastrocnemius nerve are cross-anastomosed so that they grow to each other's target, the A fibres establish functional endings and the C fibres change their chemistry to that which is appropriate for the new target. Here we report that in normal adult rats, a short train of stimuli to the cutaneous sural nerve produced a brief facilitation of the flexion reflex, lasting on average only 5 min, whereas similar stimulation of the gastrocnemius-muscle nerve enhanced this reflex for an average of 54 min. In cross-anastomosed animals, stimulation of the gastrocnemius nerve (innervating skin) induced a brief potentiation of the flexion reflex, lasting on average only 3 min. By contrast, stimulation of sural nerve (innervating muscle) produced a potentiation of this reflex lasting 57 min. Thus the ability of adult afferent nerves to potentiate the flexion reflex depends on the target with which they make contact. We propose that tissue-specific factors influence some of the central actions of primary afferent neurons in the adult.     

大众体育思潮冲击下足球策略调整研究

通过问卷调查发现，现代青年对体育项目的喜爱中反映出的相对应的体育文化类型，首先是在休闲的生活方式的锻炼中有所追求展示技艺的体育项目，在此基础上分析足球运动项目不被现代青年所钟爱的原因为：社会发展的必然趋势；足球自身的特点限制了它的大众化传播；我国足球事业发展缺乏大众化策略．最后相应给出了一些对策．     

身体素质引导课存在的问题与改进办法

每学期初的两次体育课,称为身体素质引导课较为适当.目前,这类课型存在着“运动负荷安排不合理“、“练习顺序安排不适当“等问题;改进的方法是:分析问题存在的根本原因,提高教师素质,强化教学管理.