Über neue geminale aminocarbinole

Summary By reacting dopa, -methyl- and -ethyldopa and the corresponding esters with aldehydes geminate amino-carbinols of the general formula I can be prepared. The acetylation of the adduct of -methyldopa-methylester with acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde and the resolution of the latter compound withd-tartaric acid is described.     

The influence of the rostropontine-ventrolateral region on the sleep-wakefulness cycle

Summary Lesions affecting the ventrolateral area of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis produced, in chronic implanted cats, a significant decrease of paradoxical sleep.     

Invertébrés marins du lagon néo-calédonien. I. Étude structurale d'une nouvelle sapogénine extraite d'une holothurie:Bohadschia vitiensis Semper

Summary Acid hydrolysis of Cuvier's organs alkoholic extract of sea- cucumber,Bohadschia vitiensis, led to many sapogenins. The first 3 isolated compounds had already been isolated from another sea-cucumber species/seychellogenin, 22,25-oxido-holothurinogenin and 24,25-dehydro holothurinogenin. The 4th product is a new sapogenin formulated,4, on the basis of spectroscopic data.     

The abscence of intravascular clotting in rat anaphylaxis

Summary Intravascular fibrin formation could not be detected in various phase of IgE mediated anaphylactic shock of rats, either by using an isotope technique or testing the plasma samples by the ethanol gelation test.     

The ion pathway through the opened Na(+),K(+)-ATPase pump

P-type ATPases pump ions across membranes, generating steep electrochemical gradients that are essential for the function of all cells. Access to the ion-binding sites within the pumps alternates between the two sides of the membrane to avoid the dissipation of the gradients that would occur during simultaneous access. In Na(+),K(+)-ATPase pumps treated with the marine agent palytoxin, this strict alternation is disrupted and binding sites are sometimes simultaneously accessible from both sides of the membrane, transforming the pumps into ion channels (see, for example, refs 2, 3). Current recordings in these channels can monitor accessibility of introduced cysteine residues to water-soluble sulphydryl-specific reagents. We found previously that Na(+),K(+) pump-channels open to the extracellular surface through a deep and wide vestibule that emanates from a narrower pathway between transmembrane helices 4 and 6 (TM4 and TM6). Here we report that cysteine scans from TM1 to TM6 reveal a single unbroken cation pathway that traverses palytoxin-bound Na(+),K(+) pump-channels from one side of the membrane to the other. This pathway comprises residues from TM1, TM2, TM4 and TM6, passes through ion-binding site II, and is probably conserved in structurally and evolutionarily related P-type pumps, such as sarcoplasmic- and endoplasmic-reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases and H(+),K(+)-ATPases.     

Northern Hemisphere forcing of climatic cycles in Antarctica over the past 360,000 years

The Milankovitch theory of climate change proposes that glacial-interglacial cycles are driven by changes in summer insolation at high northern latitudes. The timing of climate change in the Southern Hemisphere at glacial-interglacial transitions (which are known as terminations) relative to variations in summer insolation in the Northern Hemisphere is an important test of this hypothesis. So far, it has only been possible to apply this test to the most recent termination, because the dating uncertainty associated with older terminations is too large to allow phase relationships to be determined. Here we present a new chronology of Antarctic climate change over the past 360,000 years that is based on the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen molecules in air trapped in the Dome Fuji and Vostok ice cores. This ratio is a proxy for local summer insolation, and thus allows the chronology to be constructed by orbital tuning without the need to assume a lag between a climate record and an orbital parameter. The accuracy of the chronology allows us to examine the phase relationships between climate records from the ice cores and changes in insolation. Our results indicate that orbital-scale Antarctic climate change lags Northern Hemisphere insolation by a few millennia, and that the increases in Antarctic temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration during the last four terminations occurred within the rising phase of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. These results support the Milankovitch theory that Northern Hemisphere summer insolation triggered the last four deglaciations.     

行星着陆——推进下降过程的建模与控制(英文)

登陆火星或月球时,释放降落伞后进入推进阶段,通过轴向推力倾斜实现水平方向运动,能够与速度矢量(重力)的相反方向一致或与需要的加速度方向保持一致.后一种策略能实现精确着陆,在该策略下,倾斜角(俯仰角和偏转角)与水平加速度成正比.这种策略并未采用以水平加速度为姿态控制目标的递阶导航与控制方案,而是基于角加速度对位置作用的四阶动力学特性设计了一个独特的控制系统.除去倾斜角的非线性因素(垂直制动规定的轴向推力)后,系统综合动力学方程能够实现(准)输入-状态线性化.论文同时表明:一方面,基于参考轨迹(倾斜角和位置)的控制器设计仅能实现部分输入-状态线性化;另一方面,系统的内部稳定性可以证明.即使存在不可镇定的外部干扰动力学模态时,仍能确保系统稳定性.蒙特卡洛仿真验证了闭环控制策略的有效性.     

Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom

Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence-although each with important uncertainties-lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments.