Fundamentals of the analytic network process — Dependence and feedback in decision-making with a single network

The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a multicriteria theory of measurement used to derive relative priority scales of absolute numbers from individual judgments (or from actual measurements normalized to a relative form) that also belong to a fundamental scale of absolute numbers. These judgments represent the relative influence, of one of two elements over the other in a pairwise comparison process on a third element in the system, with respect to an underlying control criterion. Through its supermatrix, whose entries are themselves matrices of column priorities, the ANP synthesizes the outcome of dependence and feedback within and between clusters of elements. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with its independence assumptions on upper levels from lower levels and the independence of the elements in a level is a special case of the ANP. The ANP is an essential tool for articulating our understanding of a decision problem. One had to overcome the limitation of linear hierarchic structures and their mathematical consequences. This part on the ANP summarizes and illustrates the basic concepts of the ANP and shows how informed intuitive judgments can lead to real life answers that are matched by actual measurements in the real world (for example, relative dollar values) as illustrated in market share examples that rely on judgments and not on numerical data. Thomas L. Saaty holds the Chair of University Professor, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, and obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University. Before that he was a professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for ten years. Prior to that he spent seven years at the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in the State Department in Washington, DC, that carried out the arms reduction negotiations with the Soviets in Geneva. His current research interests include decision-making, planning, conflict resolution and synthesis in the brain. As a result of his search for an effective means to deal with weapons tradeoffs at the Disarmament Agency and, more generally, with decision-making and resource allocation, Professor Saaty developed The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization to dependence and feedback, the Analytic Network Process (ANP). He is co-developer of the software Expert Choice and of the software Super Decisions for decisions with dependence and feedback. He has authored or co-authored twelve books on the AHP/ANP. Professor Saaty has also written a number of other books that embrace a variety of topics, including Modern Nonlinear Equations, Nonlinear Mathematics, Graph Theory, The Four Color Problem, Behavioral Mathematics, Queuing Theory, Optimization in Integers, Embracing the Future and The Brain: Unraveling the Mystery of How It Works. His most recent book is Creative Thinking, Problem Solving & Decision Making. The book is a rich collection of ideas, incorporating research by a growing body of researchers and practitioners, profiles of creative people, projects and products, theory, philosophy, physics and metaphysics...all explained with a liberal dose of humor. He has published more than 300 refereed articles in a wide variety of professional journals. He has been on the editorial boards of Mathematical Reviews, Operations Research, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Applied Mathematics Letters, and several others. He also served as consultant to many corporations and governments.     

空空导弹导引头角预定精度研究

空空导弹导引头角预定是重要的导弹发射控制参数.其精确的计算,是导引头可靠截获跟踪目标的重要保证.本文基于前置追踪攻击原理,给出了空空导弹导引头角预定的计算模型,建立了机载雷达误差对导引头角预定精度影响的误差分析仿真结构,计算了不同攻击距离下的导引头预定角及其圆概率误差,并对计算结果进行了讨论.     

站桩过程中的肌电变化初探

通过对15名较高水平的站桩练功者的肌电研究发现,站桩过程中肌电振幅呈现出波浪式的变化周期,且周期持续的时间出现、依次递减的现象。肌电图提示,站桩功可相对发展肌肉工作能力和改善肌肉的血液供应均有一定的作用。     

Synthesis of CaCO3 crystals using hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose hydrogel as template

Calcium carbonate crystallization was performed in hydrogel of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC). Results showed that the polyhydroxy functionalities in HPMC gel network facilitated the nucleation of aragonite which was not found in experiment without HPMC hydrogel and in experiment using methylcellulose (MC) hydrogel as template. On the other hand, due to the unique assembly of the macromolecules in HPMC hydrogel network, which was different from other hydrogels used in some previous reports, particular crystal morphology, corncob-like CaCO_3, was obtained for the first time.     

Chromosome G-banding in situ hybridization of RFLP marker umc58 linked with the gene hm1 dictatingHelminthosporium carbonum susceptibility1 in maize

The technique of simultaneous G-banding and in situ hybridization has been developed in plants for the first time. Using this technique, RFLP marker umc58 closely linked with the hm1 gene dictatingHelminthosporium carbonum susceptibility1 was localized onto 1L3 (chromosome 1, long arm, the third band from the centromere to the end of the arm), 5L5 and 9L5. The results demonstrated that umc58 was a triplicated sequence. It was deduced that umc58 probably was in a duplicated region that includes a part ofHelminthosporium carbonum susceptibility genes (hm1 and hm2), as the hybridization sites of umc58 in chromosomes 1 and 9 were those at which the genes localize. The techniques of simultaneous G-banding and ISH in plants are discussed.     

关于高等级公路沥青混凝土路面平整度的探讨

从工程项目的设计、施工、试验等方面,对如何控制好高等级公路沥青混凝土路面平整度的问题进行了阐述。     

基于遗传k均值聚类算法在品种分析的应用

本文提出采用实数编码方式对聚类的中心矩阵进行编码,通过数纽变换将染色体与相应聚奏中心的数组进行匹配,通过轮赌选择和自适应的交叉、变异操作及均值小生境的种群优化对聚类中心的编码进行更新迭代,最终得到稳态的聚类误差函数和划分效果最好的聚类中心.然后通过对某实验基地的品种实验进行分析、比较.所分析的结果误差函数显示,RINGAKMEANS改进的聚类效果明显优于传统的KMEANS方法及SGA-KMEANS方法的聚类效果.     

实数编码遗传算法离散重组算子分析

用组合数学分析了实数编码遗传算法的一点交叉、多点交叉和均匀交叉等三种离散重组算子的组合能力，算子的组合能力算子组合出新染色体数目的大小衡量，分析表明，对同一父染色体对交，一点交叉最多可组合出2(n-1)个新的染色体，多点交叉为2C^kn-1个，均匀交叉为2（2^n-1-1)个，函数优化实验研究表明，在算法中采用何种离散重组算子较为合适与算子的组合能力有关，也与优化问题有关。     

欲望世界的一针清醒剂--《受活》读后

《受活》以对权力政治社会的反思与鞭挞完成了对理想的民间自治社会的期待与向往,以独特的人文视角启迪人们对现实社会进行思考,同时,小说以返朴归真的美学尝试给欲望世界的人们以镇定从容的审美净化。     

电话计费中信息采集的故障诊断系统

介绍了专家系统的基本原理，叙述了在电话计费系统中用于信息采集故障诊断的专家系统．该专家系统对前台信息采集机收集的有关信息进行整理统计，然后作出分析判断，并提供一份故障诊断报告，以便能及时排除这些故障．