Exponential smoothing: Behavior of the ex-post sum of squares near 0 and 1

When using simple exponential smoothing on a given time series the nature of the relationship between the optimal smoothing constant and the autocorrelation structure of the series remains an unresolved question. Although numerical search routines can easily be used to find optimal values of the smoothing constant, they offer little insight into the nature of the relationship between the estimated smoothing constant and the structure of the underlying time series. We suggest that renewed investigations of the ex-post sum of squares function may prove helpful in this pursuit. Results are presented that illustrate how the optimal smoothing constant depends upon the value used to initialize the smoothing and upon the sample autocorrelation coefficients of the observed series. These results are based on a new formula for the derivative of the ex-post sum of squares function. In particular, the derivative is examined near 0 and 1, where great simplifications occur in its form, thereby facilitating investigations near these points. A necessary and sufficient condition is stated for when the ex-post sum of squares must have a positive derivative at 0 and the autocorrelation coefficients of the differenced series are shown to affect the sign of the derivative near 1. Based on these results, a general algorithm is presented as an alternative to grid search routines for minimizing the ex-post sum of squares.     

交流铁芯线圈等效电感的确定方法

从本质安全的角度出发,在分析了交流电路中铁芯线圈释放能量的特点之后,提出了在用示波器法测量铁芯线圈磁滞回线的基础上计算其等效电感的方法。通过用已知的空芯电感值与实际计算出的等效电感值的比较,说明了本方法的正确和实用性。     

Nuclear localization and signalling activity of phosphoinositidase C beta in Swiss 3T3 cells.

The hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) is a widespread receptor-coupled signalling system at the plasma membrane of most eukaryotic cells. The existence of an entirely separate nuclear phosphoinositide signalling system is suggested from evidence that purified nuclei synthesize PtdInsP2 and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdInsP) in vitro and that a transient decrease in the mass of these lipids occurs when Swiss 3T3 cells are cultured in the presence of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). These IGF-1-dependent changes in inositol lipids coincide with an increase in nuclear diacyglycerol and precede translocation to the nucleus and activation of protein kinase C (refs 5, 6). Circumstantial evidence that links these changes with mitosis comes from the isolation of a 3T3 clone that expresses the type-1 IGF receptor and binds IGF-1 peptide but does not respond mitogenically or show transient mass changes in nuclear inositol lipids. A key question is how IGF-1 initiates the rapid breakdown of PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 in the nucleus. Here we present evidence that nuclei of 3T3 cells contain the beta-isozyme of phosphoinositidase C, whereas the gamma-isozyme is confined to the cytoplasm and that IGF-1 treatment stimulates exclusively the activity of nuclear phosphoinositidase C.     

DIRECT ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEODIMIUM( Ⅱ ) COMPLEX WITH 2-HYDROXY-2,4,6- CYCLOHEPTATRIENONE(TROPOLONE)

Tris(tropolonato)neodimium( Ⅲ )has been prepared by the electrochemical oxidation of neodimium meral anode in acetonitrile solution of 2-hydroxy - 2,4,6 - cycloheptatrienone(tropolone). The unusual divalent neodimium complex was formed at the first step of electrosyn - thesis. The final product ,Nd (C7H6O2)3, has been characterized by microanalysis and the studies of IR and H, C3 NMR spectra.     

三种饲料添加剂对幼兔增重及饲料转化率的对比试验

对新球虫灵,喹乙醇,免健宝Ⅰ号,Ⅱ号配套复合饲料添加剂进行的幼兔饲养对比试验结果表明:以免健宝Ⅰ、Ⅱ号配套复合饲料添加剂联合效果为最佳,其它依次为单用兔健宝Ⅱ号、兔健宝Ⅰ号、喹乙醇,新球虫灵。而且兔健宝Ⅰ、Ⅱ号配套复合饲料添加剂有易混匀,简化配合饲料工序、节省饲料及增重快等优点。     

Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a multifunctional growth factor that has profound regulatory effects on many developmental and physiological processes. Disruption of the TGF-beta 1 gene by homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem cells enables mice to be generated that carry the disrupted allele. Animals homozygous for the mutated TGF-beta 1 allele show no gross developmental abnormalities, but about 20 days after birth they succumb to a wasting syndrome accompanied by a multifocal, mixed inflammatory cell response and tissue necrosis, leading to organ failure and death. TGF-beta 1-deficient mice may be valuable models for human immune and inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and graft versus host reactions.     

奥氏体-贝氏体复相组织形态的研究

在60Si2MnA钢等温淬火工艺和性能研究的基础上,用MEF-3型金相显微镜和JEM-200CX型透射电子显微镜对等温转变产物的组织形态进行了观察研究。并用Rigku D/maxⅢB型X-射线衍射仪测定了样品的残余奥氏体体积分数。实验结果表明,奥氏体-贝氏体复相组织强韧性好的原因在于含有一定数量的残余奥氏体和变态贝氏体组织,且贝氏作为无碳化物贝氏体。     

Short alanine-based peptides may form 3(10)-helices and not alpha-helices in aqueous solution.

Short alanine peptides, containing 16 or 17 residues, appear to form alpha-helices in aqueous solution. But the main spectroscopic analyses used on helical peptides (circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance) cannot distinguish between an alpha-helix (in which the ith residue is hydrogen-bonded to residue i + 4; ref. 9) and the next most common peptide helix, the 3(10)-helix10 (i-->i + 3 hydrogen-bonding). To address this problem we have designed single and doubly spin-labelled analogues of alanine-based peptides in which the nitroxide spin label forms an unbranched side chain extending from the sulphur atom of a cysteine residue. Here we report the circular dichroism, Fourier-transform infrared and electron-spin resonance spectra of these peptides under helix-forming conditions. The infrared absorbance gives an amide I' band with a frequency that is substantially different from that observed for alpha-helices. The electron-spin resonance spectra of doubly labelled helices show that the ranking of distances between side chains, around a single turn (residues 4-8), is inconsistent with an alpha-helical structure. Our experiments suggest that the more likely peptide geometry is a 3(10)-helix.     

酶促反应过程中Brigg─Haldane稳态假说的适用性

本文利用非平衡态动力学方法探讨了Ｂｒｉｇｇ—Ｈａｌｄａｎｅ稳态假说对酶促反应的适用性．结果表明，在反应过程中间并不存在着一个时间区域使稳态条件成立，并采用分支理论得到了反应运力学方程的近似解。     

A calcium sensor in the sodium channel modulates cardiac excitability.

Sodium channels are principal molecular determinants responsible for myocardial conduction and maintenance of the cardiac rhythm. Calcium ions (Ca2+) have a fundamental role in the coupling of cardiac myocyte excitation and contraction, yet mechanisms whereby intracellular Ca2+ may directly modulate Na channel function have yet to be identified. Here we show that calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein, binds to the carboxy-terminal 'IQ' domain of the human cardiac Na channel (hH1) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This binding interaction significantly enhances slow inactivation-a channel-gating process linked to life-threatening idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. Mutations targeted to the IQ domain disrupted CaM binding and eliminated Ca2+/CaM-dependent slow inactivation, whereas the gating effects of Ca2+/CaM were restored by intracellular application of a peptide modelled after the IQ domain. A naturally occurring mutation (A1924T) in the IQ domain altered hH1 function in a manner characteristic of the Brugada arrhythmia syndrome, but at the same time inhibited slow inactivation induced by Ca2+/CaM, yielding a clinically benign (arrhythmia free) phenotype.