Diversity and dispersal history of the talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) of Bermuda

Five taxa of talitrid amphipods were found in the archipelago of Bermuda, of which three were recorded there for the first time. Four of these are supralittoral wrack generalists: Platorchestia monodi BOLD:AAB3402, (a unique Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit according to the Barcode Index Number system), a related species recognized by molecular methods, Platorchestia platensis BOLD:AAA2949, Mexorchestia carpenteri carpenteri BOLD:AAC1491 and Tethorchestia antillensis; and one a terrestrial leaf-litter generalist: Talitroides alluaudi. A key is provided to discriminate between the formally described talitrids of Bermuda. Dispersal mechanisms from the American continent to Bermuda were considered for all taxa based on species distributions along the North American Atlantic coast and also investigated by molecular methods, using genetic population differentiation and haplotype network analysis based on the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. For P. monodi BOLD:AAB3402 the genetic results suggest that some dispersal events occurred before human colonization of Bermuda but are equivocal about the source population and therefore the direction of dispersal. Some very recent synanthropic dispersal is possible with this species. For the other two species studied genetically, P. platensis BOLD:AAA2949 and M. c. carpenteri BOLD:AAC1491, the small population samples analysed support dispersal to Bermuda from the American mainland, before human occupation of Bermuda, although the available sample size was limited for these species. The available limited direct, non-genetic evidence supports synanthropic transport for Talitroides alluaudi. Platorchestia monodi BOLD:AAB3402 is found in the same wrack habitat as P. platensis BOLD:AAA2949 on Bermuda, apparently without interbreeding. No evidence was found that driftwood specialist talitrids had become established in Bermuda.     

Exotic plants in early and late seral vegetation of fifteen northern Rocky Mountain environments (HTs)

We determined the capacity of exotic plants to invade major environmental types of the northern Rocky Mountains. We did this by observing their presence on disturbed and undisturbed sites in relatively well inoculated locations--corridors adjacent to highways--on transects across the mountains in Glacier National Park and Grand Teton National Park and on low-altitude sites between them. We draw 3 primary conclusions. First, of 29 exotics commonly found, the most dominant are intentionally introduced grasses ( Agrostis, Bromus, Dactylis , and especially Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis ) and legumes ( Melilotus, Medicago , and Trifolium ) rather than the forbs more often listed as noxious. Second, in the environmental types studied, disturbed sites are invasible, except in the alpine. Third, invasion of undisturbed sites declines from grasslands and open forests to alpine to moist forests. This gradient probably represents a decline in resource (light, water, nutrients) availability for herbs, except in the alpine, where a physical limitation is suggested by the poor performance of exotics on noncompetitive disturbed sites.     

Sex ratios of the white-tailed antelope ground squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus), Indian Wells Valley, San Bernardino County, California

We studied the white-tailed antelope ground squirrel during spring and summer 2006 to determine young-of-the-year and adult sex ratios in the Indian Wells Valley, San Bernardino County, California. We calculated a young-of-the-year sex ratio of 1.45:1 (female to male), whereas the adult sex ratio was approximately 1:1. Our young-ofthe-year sex ratio was greater than the 1.1:1 (female to male) natal sex ratio previously reported. Differences between young-of-the-year and adult sex ratios may represent low female young-of-the-year survivorship in the Indian Wells Valley.     

Rock outcrops harbor native perennials in type-converted coastal scrub

Type-conversion of coastal scrub to exotic annual grassland has been extensive in certain parts of southern California, especially in drier inland locales. Field observations suggest that rock outcrops harbor native perennials associated with coastal scrub vegetation after conversion to exotic annual grassland has occurred. Surveys were conducted to test this observation. In addition, measures of fossorial mammal disturbance, soil depth, exotic annual plant abundance, and soil moisture were collected and used to infer potential mechanisms that may influence patterns of native and exotic vegetation. Results showed that larger outcrops are associated with more native perennial species than smaller outcrops, consistent with predictions based on species-area relationships. In addition, the edges of rock outcrops were shown to have greater native perennial species richness than the surrounding exotic annual grassland matrix. Higher soil moisture, lower soil depth, and less disturbance by Botta’s pocket gopher ( Thomomys bottae ) were also found at the edge of rock outcrops compared to the surrounding grassland matrix. Furthermore, soil depth was positively correlated with pocket gopher disturbance and with exotic annual grass cover. Rock outcrops serve as refuge habitat for native coastal scrub perennials in areas where exotic annual grasses have become dominant. Rock outcrops may become increasingly important for conservation efforts if remaining coastal scrub vegetation continues to deteriorate. Ha sido extensa la conversión de matorral costero a pradera anual exótica en ciertas partes del sur de California, especialmente en localidades áridas del interior. Observaciones de campo indican que los afloramientos rocosos albergan plantas perennes nativas asociadas con vegetación de matorral costero después de la conversión a pradera anual exótica. Llevamos a cabo estudios para comprobar esta observación. También medimos la perturbación por mamíferos fosoriales, la profundidad del suelo, la abundancia de plantas anuales exóticas y la humedad del suelo para inferir los posibles mecanismos que pudieran influenciar la distribución de vegetación nativa y foránea. Los resultados mostraron que los afloramientos rocosos grandes se asocian con más especies de plantas perennes nativas que los afloramientos pequeños; esto concuerda con predicciones basadas en relaciones especies-área. Además, los bordes de los afloramientos rocosos demostraron tener mayor riqueza de especies de plantas perennes nativas que la pradera exótica circundante. También encontramos mayor humedad del suelo, menor profundidad del suelo y menos perturbación ocasionada por la tuza de Botta ( Thomomys bottae ) en el borde de los afloramientos rocosos en comparación con la pradera circundante. Además, la profundidad del suelo estuvo correlacionada positivamente con la perturbación por tuzas y con la cubierta de pastos anuales exóticos. En resumen, los afloramientos rocosos probaron servir de hábitat de refugio para plantas perennes nativas del matorral costero donde han llegado a dominar los pastos anuales exóticos. Los afloramientos rocosos podrían volverse cada vez más importantes para los esfuerzos de conservación si la vegetación restante del matorral costero sigue deteriorándose.