模拟结果为什么比实际更暖:简化气候模型结果（英文）

设计了一个非专业人士能够使用、最简化的气候敏感模型,用来研究人类活动所导致的全球变暖的幅度问题.在1990年的第一次IPCC评估报告中,IPCC对其报告中预测的未来全球变暖幅度很有信心,但是随后的观测结果显示全球的变暖幅度只有预测的一半.而自2001年起,全球变暖出现停滞,但是仅仅考虑到二氧化碳浓度的增加,很少有模型能够模拟出这一变化.在已出版的IPCC第五次评估报告的草稿中,IPCC大幅度削减了近期变暖的幅度,并以专家评估代替了模型预测.但是报告中关于未来气候长期变化的预测仍被保留.如果把IPCC模型的总反馈从1.9 W m–2 K–1调整到1.5 W m–2 K–1,气候敏感模型中模拟的温度将从3.2 K降至2.2 K.同时由于反馈很可能是净负反馈,更合适的估计应该是1.0 K.1.0 K是一个能够实现的增幅,21世纪的实际变暖将会小于1 K.即使燃烧所有可开采的化石燃料也不会使全球变暖的幅度超过2.2 K,这一增加幅度也将趋于平稳.本文认为解决IPCC第四、五次报告中评估方法的差异非常关键.一旦这些差异得到解决,人类活动导致的全球变暖在22世纪以及几个世纪以后的平稳态将有可能不会超过IPCC当前模型预测的1/3~1/2.     

连续小波变换在中医脉象信号处理中的应用

小波变换具有良好的时频局域化性质，适合于非平稳信号的处理。脉诊是中医诊察疾病的重要手段，脉象反映的是人体的生理与病理信息，脉象信号具有随机性和非线性等特点。应用连续小波变换分析了15例海洛因吸毒者和15例正常人的脉象信号，提取了吸毒者脉象信号中的异常信息，为戒毒治疗的评估与改进提供客观依据。在尺度0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4下，对每一例脉象信号分别进行了处理，发现在0.2-0.4s时间间隔内，海洛因吸毒者和正常人脉象信号的连续小波变换系数间存在显著差异，并提出了用于划分海洛因吸毒者一正常人的临界参数。研究结果表明，连续小波变换是处理脉象信号的有效方法。     

POPs在湖泊水生动物中的积累及其危害

对近期开展的有关持久性有机污染物（POPs）在水生动物中的分布、积累及其危害方面的研究工作进行了详细的评述。研究表明，POPs广泛存在于湖泊动植物系，不断地由被捕食者向捕食者转移，并随着年龄、体长的增长和食物链的延伸在水生动物的高脂肪部位逐渐积累。时至今日，POP污染在湖泊的存在仍然对不生动物的生长发育构成一定程度的影响，并有可能通过食物链转移给人类并对人类的健康构成威胁，采取相应保护措施仍有一定必要性。     

一种新型可连续调节的消弧线圈

采用可连续调节的消弧线圈不仅解决了高压电感调节系统的价格昂贵和调节系统十分复杂的问题，还可以使经消弧线圈接地系统的优越性充分发挥。文中着重介绍了如何采用低耐压的晶闸管连续调节6-66kV的消弧线圈的一种新方法。对新型消弧线圈的电感调节量的计算进行了理论推导，并对其产生的稳态电流谐波分量进行了分析，用Saber软件对所设计的消弧线圈的理论依据进行了仿真实验验证和实物实验验证。     

ObjectARX技术在电网CAD中的应用

介绍了面向对象的设计思想和对象的抽象机理在电网CAD（PWCAD）系统中的应用以及ObjectARX编程技术。通过分析电网结构的知识特点入手，阐述了通过利用AutoCAD核心数据库的开放结构和ObjectARX提供的基类及类的继承、派生机制定义电力系统专业对象的过程，以及建模系统的数据交换技术，并给出了电力系统中元件类的具体定义方法，由此建立了PWCAD的对象模型。实现了电网CAD与外部数据库之间的数据交换，即图形数据库的一体化。     

Fe63.5Cr10Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9非晶和纳米晶合金的巨磁阻抗效应

研究了退火处理引起结构上的变化对Fe63.5Cr10Cu1Nb3Si13．5B9非晶合金磁阻抗效应的影响,实验结果的分析表明,在测量的频段(0．2～10MHz)内巨磁阻抗效应可归因于偏置场引起的环向磁化率的改变,良好的软磁性是获得大的磁阻抗效应的重要条件．     

铝合金表面化学复合镀研究

在铝合金表面进行Ni-P -SiC化学复合镀 借助扫描电镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计等仪器对复合镀层的表面状态、组织结构及性能进行综合分析 结果表明 ,随着镀液中SiC粒子添加量的增加 ,镀层中SiC的含量也不断增加 复合镀层中SiC粒子均匀分布于Ni-P基体 ,通过系列的工艺实验 ,找出了SiC的最佳添加量 同时对铝合金的预处理工艺进行对比研究 ,简化了铝合金表面化学镀的预处理工艺     

A role for VEGF as a negative regulator of pericyte function and vessel maturation

Angiogenesis does not only depend on endothelial cell invasion and proliferation: it also requires pericyte coverage of vascular sprouts for vessel stabilization. These processes are coordinated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) through their cognate receptors on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. PDGF induces neovascularization by priming VSMCs/pericytes to release pro-angiogenic mediators. Although VEGF directly stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration, its role in pericyte biology is less clear. Here we define a role for VEGF as an inhibitor of neovascularization on the basis of its capacity to disrupt VSMC function. Specifically, under conditions of PDGF-mediated angiogenesis, VEGF ablates pericyte coverage of nascent vascular sprouts, leading to vessel destabilization. At the molecular level, VEGF-mediated activation of VEGF-R2 suppresses PDGF-Rbeta signalling in VSMCs through the assembly of a previously undescribed receptor complex consisting of PDGF-Rbeta and VEGF-R2. Inhibition of VEGF-R2 not only prevents assembly of this receptor complex but also restores angiogenesis in tissues exposed to both VEGF and PDGF. Finally, genetic deletion of tumour cell VEGF disrupts PDGF-Rbeta/VEGF-R2 complex formation and increases tumour vessel maturation. These findings underscore the importance of VSMCs/pericytes in neovascularization and reveal a dichotomous role for VEGF and VEGF-R2 signalling as both a promoter of endothelial cell function and a negative regulator of VSMCs and vessel maturation.     

Regulatory networks define phenotypic classes of human stem cell lines

Stem cells are defined as self-renewing cell populations that can differentiate into multiple distinct cell types. However, hundreds of different human cell lines from embryonic, fetal and adult sources have been called stem cells, even though they range from pluripotent cells-typified by embryonic stem cells, which are capable of virtually unlimited proliferation and differentiation-to adult stem cell lines, which can generate a far more limited repertoire of differentiated cell types. The rapid increase in reports of new sources of stem cells and their anticipated value to regenerative medicine has highlighted the need for a general, reproducible method for classification of these cells. We report here the creation and analysis of a database of global gene expression profiles (which we call the 'stem cell matrix') that enables the classification of cultured human stem cells in the context of a wide variety of pluripotent, multipotent and differentiated cell types. Using an unsupervised clustering method to categorize a collection of approximately 150 cell samples, we discovered that pluripotent stem cell lines group together, whereas other cell types, including brain-derived neural stem cell lines, are very diverse. Using further bioinformatic analysis we uncovered a protein-protein network (PluriNet) that is shared by the pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells, embryonal carcinomas and induced pluripotent cells). Analysis of published data showed that the PluriNet seems to be a common characteristic of pluripotent cells, including mouse embryonic stem and induced pluripotent cells and human oocytes. Our results offer a new strategy for classifying stem cells and support the idea that pluripotency and self-renewal are under tight control by specific molecular networks.     

Clusters of ant colonies and robust criticality in a tropical agroecosystem

Although sometimes difficult to measure at large scales, spatial pattern is important in natural biological spaces as a determinant of key ecological properties such as species diversity, stability, resiliency and others. Here we demonstrate, at a large spatial scale, that a common species of tropical arboreal ant forms clusters of nests through a combination of local satellite colony formation and density-dependent control by natural enemies, mainly a parasitic fly. Cluster sizes fall off as a power law consistent with a so-called robust critical state. This endogenous cluster formation at a critical state is a unique example of an insect population forming a non-random pattern at a large spatial scale. Furthermore, because the species is a keystone of a larger network that contributes to the ecosystem function of pest control, this is an example of how spatial dynamics at a large scale can affect ecosystem service at a local level.