全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10546篇 |
免费 | 817篇 |
国内免费 | 270篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 1259篇 |
丛书文集 | 161篇 |
教育与普及 | 121篇 |
理论与方法论 | 290篇 |
现状及发展 | 883篇 |
研究方法 | 12篇 |
综合类 | 8905篇 |
自然研究 | 2篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 20篇 |
2023年 | 56篇 |
2022年 | 93篇 |
2021年 | 91篇 |
2020年 | 56篇 |
2019年 | 21篇 |
2018年 | 753篇 |
2017年 | 780篇 |
2016年 | 475篇 |
2015年 | 146篇 |
2014年 | 135篇 |
2013年 | 123篇 |
2012年 | 406篇 |
2011年 | 1134篇 |
2010年 | 954篇 |
2009年 | 640篇 |
2008年 | 734篇 |
2007年 | 987篇 |
2006年 | 186篇 |
2005年 | 264篇 |
2004年 | 264篇 |
2003年 | 288篇 |
2002年 | 189篇 |
2001年 | 168篇 |
2000年 | 144篇 |
1999年 | 294篇 |
1998年 | 308篇 |
1997年 | 316篇 |
1996年 | 263篇 |
1995年 | 230篇 |
1994年 | 206篇 |
1993年 | 178篇 |
1992年 | 155篇 |
1991年 | 146篇 |
1990年 | 121篇 |
1989年 | 106篇 |
1988年 | 86篇 |
1987年 | 69篇 |
1986年 | 24篇 |
1985年 | 16篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 265 毫秒
941.
Investigation of adsorption of surfactant at the air-water interface with quantum chemistry method 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
CHEN MeiLing WANG ZhengWu WANG HaiJun ZHANG GeXin TAO FuMing 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(11):1451-1455
Density functional theory (DFT) of quantum chemistry was used to optimize the configuration of the anionic surfactant complexes CH3(CH2)7OSO3^- (H2O)n (n=0-6) and calculate their molecular frequencies at the B3LYP/6-311+G^* level. The interaction of CH3(CH2)7OSO3^- with 1 to 6 water molecules was investigated at the air-water interface with DFT. The results revealed that the hydration shell was formed in the form of H-bond between the hydrophilic group of CH3(CH2)7OSO3^- and 6 waters. The strength of H-bonds belongs to medium. Binding free energy revealed that the hydration shell was stable. The increase of the number of water molecules will cause increases of the total charge of hydrophilic group and S10-O9-C8 bond angle, but decreases of the alkyl chain length and the bond lengths of S10-O11, S10-O12 as well as S10-O13, respectively. 相似文献
942.
943.
The c-myc coding DNA sequences of cyprinids (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): Implications for phylogeny 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
KONG XiangHui WANG XuZhen GAN XiaoNi HE ShunPing 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(11):1491-1500
The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest fish families in the world, which is widely distributed in East Asian, with obvious difference in characteristic size among species. The phylogeneUc analysis of cyprinid taxa based on the functionally important genes can help to understand the speciation and functional divergence of the Cyprinidae. The c-myc gene is an important gene regulating individual growth. In the present study, the sequence variations of the cyprinid c-myc gene and their phylogenetic significance were analyzed. The 41 complete sequences of the c-myc gene were obtained from cyprinids and outgroups through PCR amplification and clone. The coding DNA sequences of the c-myc gene were used to infer molecular phylogenetic relationships within the Cyprinidae. Myxocyprinus asiaticus (Catostomidae), Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (CobiUdae) and Hemimyzon sinensis (Homalopteridae) were assigned to the outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian retrieved similar topology. Within the Cyprinidae, Leuciscini and Barbini formed the monophyletic lineage respectively with high nodal supports. Leuciscini comprises Xenocyprinae, CuItrinae, East Asian species of Leuciscinae and Danioninae, Gobioninae and Acheilognathinae, and Barbini contains Schizothoracinae, Barbinae, Cyprininae and Labeoninae. Danio rerio, D. myersi and Rasbora trilineata were supposed to separate from Leuciscinae and Barbini and to form another lineage. The positions of some Danioninae species were still unresolved. Analyses of both amino acid variation with parsimony information and two high variation regions indicated that there is no correlation between variations of single amino acid or high variation regions and characteristic size of cyprinids. In addition, the species with smaller size were usually found to be basal within clades in the tree, which might be the results of the adaptation to the primitive ecology and survival pressure. 相似文献
944.
945.
DU Lin XU YongFu GE MaoFa JIA Long YAO Li 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(12):1629-1634
Large quantities of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) have been emitted into the troposphere due to human activities. Its role in the atmospheric photochemical reaction has not been understood. This study presents the results of the photochemical reactions of DTBP and NOx, which have been simulated in a self-made smog chamber under the temperature of (29±1)℃. Both the wall decays of ozone and NO2 could be neglected, compared to the results in simulative experiments. The effective intensity of UV light used in the experiments was 1.28×10-3 s-1, which was expressed by the rate constant of NO2 photolysis in purified air. The reaction mechanism was proposed according to our results and reports of other researchers. The maximum values of incremental reactivity (IR) in the three simulative ex- periments were 9.53×10-2, 5.23×10-2 and 3.78×10-2, respectively. The incremental reactivity decreased with the increase of initial concentrations of DTBP. The IR value of DTBP obtained in this study was comparable to that of acetylene reported in our previous research. 相似文献
946.
Reconstruction of linkage maps in the distorted segregation populations of backcross, doubled haploid and recombinant inbred lines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHU ChengSong WANG FuHua WANG JianFei LI GuangJun ZHANG HongSheng ZHANG YuanMing 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(12):1648-1653
Non-Mendelian segregation of markers, known as distorted segregation, is a common biological phenomenon. Although segregation distortion affects the estimation of map distances and the results of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, the effects of distorted markers are often ignored in the construction of linkage maps and in QTL mapping. Recently, we have developed a multipoint method via a Hidden Markov chain method to reconstruct linkage maps in an F2 population that corrects for bias of map distances between distorted markers. In this article, the method is extended to cover backcross, doubled haploid and recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. The results from simulated experiments show that: (1) the degree that two linked segregation distortion loci (SDL) affect the estimation of map distances increases as SDL heritability and interval length between adjacent markers increase, whereas sample size has little effect on the bias; (2) two linked SDL result in the underesti- mation of linkage distances for most cases, overestimation for an additive model with opposite additive effects, and unbiased estimation for an epistatic model with negative additive-by-additive effects; (3) the proposed method can obtain the unbiased estimation of linkage distance. This new method was applied to a rice RIL population with severely distorted segregation to reconstruct the linkage maps, and a bootstrap method was used to obtain 95% confidence intervals of map distances. The results from real data analysis further demonstrate the utility of our method, which provides a foundation for the inheritance analysis of quantitative and viability traits. 相似文献
947.
Modification of the rib operon derived from Bacillus subtilis and its expression in Escherichia coli
张会图 Meng Kun Wang Yaru Luo Huiying Yuan Tiezheng Yang Peilong Bai Yingguo Yao Bin Fan Yunliu 《高技术通讯(英文版)》2007,13(1):85-90
A riboflavin operon (rib operon) derived from Bacillus subtilis 368 was modified on structure and the resulting operons were expressed in various strains of Escherichia coli. The results showed that the optimization of the rib operon and the host strain used for expression are two main factors affecting the riboflavin production. Replacing the promoterl and rfn box of the rib operon with a strong constructive promoter spol drastically increased the expression of the rib genes. When E. coli JM109 was used as the host strain, the highest riboflavin production reached 95.3μg/mL (about eight times higher than that of the unmodified r/b operon). In addition, when tetracycline (20 μg/mL) was used as the selective pressure, compared with the ampicillin resistant transformants, a higher riboflavin yield was obtained in tetracycline resistant host strain. 相似文献
948.
LU Li S. MCKENNA-LAWLOR S. BARABASH LIU ZhenXing CAO JinBin J. BALAZ K. KUDELA T. L. ZHANG C. M. CARR 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(12):1719-1723
The NUADU (NeUtral Atom Detector Unit) instrument aboard TC-2 recorded 4л solid angle images of charged particles (E >180 keV) spiraling around the magnetic field lines in the near-Earth plasma sheet (at ~ -7 RE, equatorial dawn-to-night side) during a geomagnetic storm (Dst =-219 nT) on August 24, 2005. Energetic ion beam events characterized by symmetrical, ring-like, solid angle distributions around ambient magnetic field lines were observed during a 34-minute traversal of the plasma sheet by the TC-2 spacecraft. Also, observations during these multiple crossings of the plasma sheet were monitored by the magnetometer experiment (FGM) aboard the same spacecraft. During each crossing, a whistler-mode chorus enhancement was observed in the anisotropic area by the TC-2 low frequency electromagnetic wave detector (LFEW/TC-2) at a frequency just above that of the local lower hybrid wave. A comparison of the ion pitch angle distribution (PAD) map with the ambient magnetic field shows that an enhancement in the field aligned energetic ion flux was accompanied by tailward stretching of the magnetic field lines in the plasma sheet. In contrast, the perpendicular ion-flux enhancement was accompanied by a signature indicating the corresponding shrinkage of the magnetic field lines in the plasma sheet. Since both parallel ion-flux and perpendicular ion-flux enhancements occurred intermittently, the data were interpreted to imply a dynamical, oscillatory process of the magnetic field line (stretching and shrinking) in the near-Earth plasma sheet, which might have acted to help establish an interaction region in this area which would support continuous aurora-substorm triggering during the ongoing magnetic storm. The whistler-mode chorus may have been produced due to ion gyro-resonance during particle pitch angle diffusion after the plasma sheet compression. 相似文献
949.
针对传统拍卖机制设计所涉及的决策变量较少的弊端,结合网上拍卖的新特点,引入拍卖商的保留价、拍卖时间和投标者到达过程等决策变量,以投标者利润最大化为目标建立相关模型,在考虑投标商资金约束情况下,对单物品在线最优拍卖进行了设计. 相似文献
950.
就苯基荧光酮类试剂在光谱分析中的研究进展进行了综述,侧重介绍其在吸光光度法、荧光光度法及催化光度法中金属离子和蛋白质等测定的分析应用,引用文献37篇. 相似文献