水下测试树国内外研究现状与国产化思考

水下测试树是深水测试过程中风险控制的关键性设备,在特殊海况时具有快速断开测试管柱、封堵井下管柱内高压油气以达到保护测试仪器和人员安全以及避免海洋环境污染的作用。通过大量文献资料收集和现场调研,分析了水下测试树的国内外研究现状,详细介绍了国外水下测试树的功能、结构特点、应用情况及国内水下测试树的发展与应用情况。对比分析表明：国外水下测试树现有产品功能强大、性能可靠、适用于不同海洋工况,且不同公司的产品在结构和功能上各具特点。同时,针对国内水下测试树的应用现状,提出了水下测试树国产化的研究思路以及研究开发过程中可能出现的问题,对促进我国海洋石油水下装备自主研发与制造具有重要意义。     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-rich carbonitrides resulted from the dendritic carbonitrides undissolved during the reheating process; Ti-rich carbonitrides re-precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during the reheating process; NbC carbides mainly heterogeneously nucleated on the small pre-existing Nb-rich carbonitrides in the hot rolling process; and NbC carbides precipitated on dislocations during hot rolling.     

ISAR target recognition based on non-negative sparse coding

Aiming at technical difficulties in feature extraction for the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) target recognition, this paper imports the concept of visual perception and presents a novel method, which is based on the combination of non-negative sparse coding (NNSC) and linear discrimination optimization, to recognize targets in ISAR images. This method implements NNSC on the matrix constituted by the intensities of pixels in ISAR images for training, to obtain non-negative sparse bases which characterize sparse distribution of strong scattering centers. Then this paper chooses sparse bases via optimization criteria and calculates the corresponding non-negative sparse codes of both training and test images as the feature vectors, which are input into k neighbors classifier to realize recognition finally. The feasibility and robustness of the proposed method are proved by comparing with the template matching, principle component analysis (PCA) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) via simulations.     

Variational discretization for parabolic optimal control problems with control constraints

This paper studies variational discretization for the optimal control problem governed by parabolic equations with control constraints.First of all,the authors derive a priori error estimates where |||u-U₍h|||_L∞（J;L²（Ω））=O（h²+k）.It is much better than a priori error estimates of standard finite element and backward Euler method where |||μ-U_h|||₍L∞（J;L²（Ω））=O（h+ k）.Secondly,the authors obtain a posteriori error estimates of residual type.Finally,the authors present some numerical algorithms for the optimal control problem and do some numerical experiments to illustrate their theoretical results.     

适应当代工业设计发展的评价系统架构探索

人类面临能源短缺、气候变暖、灾害频发及不断加深的生态危机的同时,经济却呈现出与造物活动相关的发展趋向:经济全球化、科学技术发展、信息化等,使得工业设计学科面临新的机遇和新的挑战.建立适应工业设计发展的评价体系,是时下正确处理设计与发展关系的关键之点.     

Effect of interface morphology on the mechanical properties of titanium clad steel plates

Interface morphology has important influence on the bond quality of titanium clad steel plates. The mechanical properties of titanium clad steel plates with wavy and straight interfaces were investigated by tensile-shear tests and bending tests. The interface morphology of the plates was examined by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results show that the shear strength of a wavy interface is higher than that of a straight interface. A wavy interface is the guarantee for obtaining high shear strength to provide a greater shear resistance. During the macrobending process, cracks appear in the swirl of the wave tip and ferrotitanium intermetallics. For in-situ observing the bending process by SEM, the wave tip of a wavy interface and the massive ferrotitanium intermetallics of a straight interface are places where cracks initiate and propagate. The results are the same as those observed in the macrobending process. Because of high hardness, the wave tip and the massive ferrotitanium intermetallics are hard in terms of compatible deformation.     

多层砂岩油藏可视化模型水驱油物模实验研究

为了获得更为直观的多层砂岩油藏水驱油渗流特征和机理,结合实际油藏地质特征,设计制备了一种大尺度可视化砂箱物理模型,进行了不同注水方式、不同注水速度的水驱油实验,考察了不同注采方式、不同注入速度对水驱油效率的影响,以及水驱油过程中的油水运动分布特征。该模型具有设计尺寸大、模拟程度高及直观可视等特点,较其他模型更具代表性。通过模拟NP 油田某区块砂岩地层,根据几何相似、井型相同、层序韵律相同、流体黏度相同的原则,更加真实的模拟地层条件。实验结果表明,不同的注水方式及注水速度对模型的采收率有较大影响。采油井数多,单井控制面积小,采收率略高;而注水速度低,油井见水晚,含水率上升缓,可以有效提高采收率,这一过程也反映了重力分异的影响。水驱特征曲线拟合表明,该实验过程符合水驱特征,能够较准确地预测可采储量及采收率。     

成品油管道的极限悬空长度研究

长输管道沿线地质地貌错综复杂,自然条件恶劣,外界载荷（如地质滑坡、坍塌、疏松土壤沉降、湿陷性黄土、地震、水毁等）导致大跨度悬空,轻则引起管道大变形,大面积悬空、局部变形或应力集中,而导致较大的位移应力、屈曲或蠕变,严重时甚至导致管道断裂破坏,给管道运营带来安全隐患。针对2010 年兰成渝输油管道德阳石亭江段洪水导致管线大面积悬空案例,以物理数学方法中的非线性理论为指导,通过有限元仿真建模及试验研究,借助大挠度梁理论、弹性地基理论、管–土互作用双线性模型、Winkler 假定等力学理论,考虑管道的几何非线性和土壤的物理非线性,建立了悬空管道的大变形分析模型,分析计算了X52 管材的极限悬空长度,为管道完整性管理提供理论基础。     

断块稠油油藏化学吞吐工艺技术研究与应用

胜利油田封闭断块稠油油藏储层发育,非均质性严重,流体物性差,油水关系复杂,开采难度大,采出程度低。针对该类油藏开发中存在的注汽压力高、注汽效果差、周期产油量低等问题,分别开展了CO2、高分子降黏剂FSP 体系以及二者协同作用改善稠油物性机理研究。在矿场应用中,结合油藏地质特点,不同开发特征井应用不同的化学吞吐工艺组合,现场实施6 口井,截至目前累计增油2 500 t,且各井仍持续见效,取得了良好的增油降水效果。     

Improvement of tundish shape and optimization of flow control devices for sequence casting heavy steel ingots

The metallurgical effect of a round tundish used to cast heavy steel ingots in machine works at present was evaluated through water modeling experiments. The flow control devices of the improved oval tundish, which was used instead of the round tundish, had been optimized. The results show that the residence time of the round tundish is short, its inclusion removal efficiency is too low, and it has more dead zones and an unreasonable flow field. Compared with the round tundish, the improved oval tundish with the optimized weir and dam has a better effect:its minimum residence time is prolonged by 38.1 s, the average residence time is prolonged by 233.4 s, its dead volume fraction decreases from 26% to 15%, and the ratio of plug volume fraction to dead volume fraction increases from 0.54 to 1.27. The inclusion removal efficiency also increases by 17.5%.