A large neutral fraction of cosmic hydrogen a billion years after the Big Bang

The fraction of ionized hydrogen left over from the Big Bang provides evidence for the time of formation of the first stars and quasar black holes in the early Universe; such objects provide the high-energy photons necessary to ionize hydrogen. Spectra of the two most distant known quasars show nearly complete absorption of photons with wavelengths shorter than the Lyman alpha transition of neutral hydrogen, indicating that hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM) had not been completely ionized at a redshift of z approximately 6.3, about one billion years after the Big Bang. Here we show that the IGM surrounding these quasars had a neutral hydrogen fraction of tens of per cent before the quasar activity started, much higher than the previous lower limits of approximately 0.1 per cent. Our results, when combined with the recent inference of a large cumulative optical depth to electron scattering after cosmological recombination therefore suggest the presence of a second peak in the mean ionization history of the Universe.     

化学吸附制冷循环的热力学分析

在分析基本吸附制冷循环的基础上,建立了基本吸附制冷循环热力过程中的各个热量的计算表达式.针对氯化钙氨吸附制冷实验系统的两种典型工况(制冷工况和空调工况),就解吸终了温度和吸附终了温度对制冷性能的影响进行了热力计算和分析,明确了空调工况下制冷系统性能更好的原因,并对计算结果从热力学理论角度进行了分析验证.     

Cosmic gamma-ray background from structure formation in the intergalactic medium

The Universe is filled with a diffuse background of gamma-ray radiation, the origin of which remains one of the unsolved puzzles of cosmology. Less than one-quarter of the gamma-ray flux can be attributed to unresolved discrete sources, such as active galactic nuclei; the remainder appears to constitute a truly diffuse background. Here we show that the shock waves induced by gravity in the gas of the intergalactic medium, during the formation of large-scale structures like filaments and sheets of galaxies, produce a population of highly relativistic electrons. These electrons scatter a small fraction of the cosmic microwave background photons in the local Universe up to gamma-ray energies, thereby providing the gamma-ray background. The predicted diffuse flux agrees with the observed background across more than four orders of magnitude in photon energy, and the model predicts that the gamma-ray background, though generated locally, is isotropic to better than five per cent on angular scales larger than a degree. Moreover, the agreement between the predicted and observed background fluxes implies a mean cosmological density of baryons that is consistent with Big Bang nucleosynthesis.     

氯化钙-氨吸附式制冷的实验研究

介绍了以氯化钙一氨为工质对的吸附式两床循环制冷装置，并在此实验装置上进行了实验研究，得出了以氯化钙一氨为工质对的连续循环制冷系统的制冷量、性能系数COP随时间的变化关系．结果表明，此装置的制冷效果优于设计指标，设计的壳管式吸附器具有实用性．     

藏药大三果的抗超氧阴离子自由基作用研究

研究藏药大三果对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用．方法：利用邻苯三酚自氧化体系生产超氧自由基,用单扫描示波极谱法进行检测．结果：大三果牛甘果、毛诃子、诃子的抑制率为50％时的相应浓度（IC50）为,0.163,0.172,1.326mg／mL,结论：发现分析的藏药大三果在一定程度上能清除超氧自由基,且牛甘果的效果最好.     

老哈河流域NDVI动态变化及其与气候因子的关系

利用1982~2006年GIMMS/NDVI数据,赤峰气象站的气温数据和流域内52个雨量站的降水数据,采用一元线性回归分析、简单相关分析以及偏相关分析方法对老哈河流域内林地、灌丛、草地、耕地4种植被类型NDVI年内和年际变化及其与气温、降水的关系进行了研究.结果表明:老哈河流域NDVI年内变化呈单峰型,年最大值出现在8月份,月NDVI和气温、降水之间均具有显著的正相关关系,且存在滞后现象,林地与灌丛、草地相比,其NDVI受降水影响相对较小,气温对植被年内生长的影响大于降水;1982~2006年流域年均NDVI呈上升趋势,其中20世纪90年代流域植被覆盖水平最好;夏季NDVI与同期和前期的气温呈显著的负相关,与前期降水呈显著的正相关,在老哈河流域夏季气温升高会导致植被覆盖减少,而降水增加有利于植被的生长.