Erosion of the prismatic layer by the organic matrix during the formation of the nacre-prism transition layer in the shell of Pinctada fucata （Bivalvia, Mollusca）

Three variants of the sequence of formation of the nacre-prism transition layer were observed in Pinctada fucata (Bivalvia, Mollusca) shells. In each case, the layer was formed by the organic matrix secreted by the mantle, together with the interprismatic organic envelope. The continuity of the organic phase throughout the shell was maintained as the new nacreous layer was formed on the nacre-prism transition layer. Changes in the interprismatic organic envelopes on either side of the nacre-prism transition...     

酒名的结构模式和用字情况

酒名有商标、分商标、特殊质料、扩展、功能、适用场合（或对象）、类型等7个主要结构成分，11种结构模式。酒名对11种模式的利用不是均等的，模式5、模式6和模式7是基本结构模式。酒名的用字特点突出，国俗词语、地名、人名、文化典籍等常用来命名酒名。     

指纹IC卡考场身份验证系统

介绍一种考场身份验证系统，就其系统功能、构成及使用方法进行说明。此系统将指纹识别技术应用于考生身份的识别中，保证了识别的准确性，公正性，并且节省人力，使用方便，便于考生的计算机管理；可以杜绝“替考”一类作弊事件的发生。     

Soil aggregate fraction-based 14C analysis and its application in the study of soil organic carbon turnover under forests of different ages

There still exist uncertainties in the trend, magnitude and efficiency of carbon sequestration with regard to the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) pools after afforestation. In this study, SOC turnover times of the meadow steppe and planted forests at Saihanba Forest Station of Hebei Province, China are estimated by means of the radiocarbon ( 14C) method. Our results show that the SOC turnover times can be as long as from 70 to 250 years. After planting the Pinus sylvestri var. mongolica in the Leymus chinensis meadow steppe, the turnover times of organic carbon in both bulk samples and soil aggregate fractions of the topsoils are decreased with an increase of the stand age. Such a lowering of the turnover time would cause an increase in soil CO2 flux, implying that afforestation of grassland may reduce the capacity of topsoil to sequestrate organic carbon. Combined stable isotope and 14C analyses on soil aggregate fractions suggest that there are different responses to afforestation of grassland between young and old carbon pools in topsoils. In the young and middle-age planted forests, the proportion of CO 2 emission from the older soil carbon pool shows an increasing trend. But in the mature planted forest, its proportion tends to decline, indicating that the stand age may influence the soil carbon sequestration mechanism. The CO2 emission from the topsoils estimated using the 14 C method is relatively low compared to those by other methods and may be caused by the partial isolation of the young carbon component from the soil aggregates. For more accurate estimation of CO2 flux, future studies should therefore employ improved methodology for more effective separation of different soil carbon components before isotope analyses.     

Achievements in cancer research supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

For the past two decades,great achievements have been made in cancer research of China and the majority of them were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC).In this article,we reviewed the funding history of NSFC including the number of proposals,the amount of grants,distribution of supported program categories during the period of 1987 to 2012 and the representative achievements made by continuous support of NSFC.Also,the impacts of NSFC support on discipline development and talent fostering were analyzed.From 1987 to 2012,a total of 8738 proposals related to cancer research were funded by NSFC.The percentages of the Research Program,Talent-Training Program,and the Research Environment Program were 61.19%,36.32%,and 2.49%,respectively.Under the support of NSFC,cancer research in China has achieved a significantly rapid and balanced development in both disciplines and scientist resources.     

探月三期月地高速再入返回飞行器工程参数测量系统设计及飞行结果

月地高速再入返回飞行试验任务目标是验证与半弹道跳跃式返回再入的相关技术,全面可靠的获取试验相关数据,对试验结果评估至关重要,为此飞行器专门设计实现了一套包括力、热、图像等参数采集与存储的工程参数测量系统,本文给出了该系统的设计情况及飞行结果.     

Environmental changes reflected by n-alkanes of lake core in Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau since 8.4 kaB.P.

The n-alkanes are extracted from NMLC-1 core that was drilled in the Nam Co, central Tibet. They are measured by using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry （GC/MS） for componential and quantitative analyses. According to the constructed depth-age model, the component and concentration of n-alkanes, together with total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and carbonate are used to elucidate palaeoenvironmental changes of Nam Co during the past 8.4 ka. The results indicate that Holocene environment performs three stages in the lake area. In the stage of 8.4-6.7 kaB.P., it was warmer while precipitation slightly increased. This stage was ended by an obvious cold/dry event. During 6.7-5.8 kaB.P., temperature increased rapidly and reached its maximum values at about 6.0 kaB.P. The environments were warm/wet optimum for the blooming of terrestrial plants and submerged aquatic plants. After that, temperature decreased continuously and showed the lowest values at about 3.0 kaB.P. From 2.9 kaB.P, to the present, temperature rose again but alternated with cold and warm. The lake area tended to be dry after 1.4 kaB.P. During 600-400 aB.P., the environmental feature was the reflection of ＂Little Ice Age＂.     

过表达蛋白合成与分泌相关蛋白提高CHO细胞anti-hLAG3产量

对比研究了过表达蛋白合成与分泌途径中的20种蛋白对瞬时表达细胞（ExpiCHO-S细胞）表达anti-hLAG3产量的影响,考察了转录因子XBP1s对ExpiCHO-S细胞生长、抗体产量和抗体亲和力的影响。结果表明,当所研究蛋白的表达质粒与anti-hLAG3质粒以1：4的质量比共转染时,XBP1s能够使抗体产量提高约30%,GADD34、NFKBIz、CERT、C/EBPα和mTOR的过表达则会明显降低抗体产量,其他14种蛋白对抗体产量的影响较小。随着XBP1s共转染比例的增加,其对anti-hLAG3生产的促进作用增强,当共转染比例提高到60%时,相对于共转染比例为60%的EGFP,可使转染后168 h的抗体产量提高到2.1倍。此外,XBP1s的过表达对活细胞密度和细胞活率以及抗体亲和力的影响均较小。以上结果表明XBP1s可作为细胞工程的一个有效靶标用于提高CHO细胞重组蛋白的生产性能。     

Mechanism of variations in environmental magnetic proxies of lake sediments from Nam Co, Tibet during the Holocene

High-resolution environmental records from the Tibetan Plateau are essential to understand past global climatic and environmental changes. Magnetic minerals in lake sediments are important proxies to reconstruct environmental and climatic changes. Nam Co (lake) is a typical great lake in the transitional region of southwest monsoon in the Tibetan Plateau. Previous studies have extensively focused on geochemistry, microfossils, sedimentology and biochemistry analysis of Nam Co, which provides sound interpretation of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes. However, up to now, no systematic environmental magnetic studies have been carried out. Therefore, high-resolution and systematic magnetic studies combined with geochemical parameters were carried on lake sediments of core NC 08/01 from Nam Co for the Holocene period (11.3 cal ka BP) in order to explore how magnetic properties of the sediments respond to climatic changes. Based on variations of magnetic proxies, the sequence can be separated into 3 units. Unit 1 (236-199 cm, 11.3-7.8 cal ka BP) contains dominantly coarse-grained magnetite with homogeneous grain size. A positive correlation between magnetite and Ti strongly suggests that these coarse-grained detrital magnetites reflect detrital input signals due to insignificant effects of postdepositional dissolution processes on these coarse-grained magnetite particles. For Unit 2 (198-102 cm, 7.8-2.1 cal ka BP), magnetic grain size is finer and the corresponding concentration of magnetite is also reduced. This is mainly due to significant dissolution of these fine-grained detrital magnetite particles, which were transported under reduced water flow conditions during this period. For Unit 3 (101-0 cm, 2.1-0 cal ka BP), the bulk magnetic properties are dominated by a mixture of single domain biogenic magnetite and detrital magnetite. The concentration of magnetic minerals is not correlated with the Ti content. In conclusion, the preservation of magnetic minerals in the lake sediment and thus the corresponding magnetic properties are related to the initial grain size. Combination of magnetic properties (including variation of grain size and concentration) and other proxies of detrital inputs (e.g. Ti) can be used to infer the variation of redox conditions in Nam Co. These results provide a viable framework for reconstructing the paleoenvironmental changes of this lake.     

C-H···Pd(II) interaction-driven homochiral M helix formation of neutral (R,R)-bis(pyrrol-2-ylmethyl- eneamino) cyclohexane palladium(II) complex

A chiral complex of (R,R)-Pd was prepared by reaction of optically pure (R,R)-bis(pyrrol-2-ylmethyl-eneamino) cyclohexane ligand with Pd(OAc)2·2H2O under the base condition at room temperature. The weak intermolecular C-H···Pd interaction was found to be responsible for the homochiral M helix for-mation of the neutral,chiral,mononuclear (R,R)-Pd in the crystal packing.