Encumbering the intramolecular π donation by using a bridge: A strategy for designing metal-free compounds to hydrogen activation

On the basis of the FLP (frustrated Lewis pair) principle, a new strategy has been proposed to construct the frustration in de- signing metal-free hydrogen activation compounds, by using FMO (frontier molecular orbital) analyses and quantum mechanics calculations. Unlike the known FLPs which use bulky substituents to prevent them from forming stable Lewis acid/base com- plexes, the new approach encumbers the intramolecular π donation from the electron donor to the acceptor (e.g. in BH2NH2) by using a CH2 br...     

Characterization of chromophoric organic matter in effluent from Vitamin C wastewater anaerobic-aerobic treatment

Chroma is not effectively removed from Vitamin C (VC) wastewater by traditional anaerobic-aerobic treatment. This means current treatment does not meet the strict new discharge standard for VC wastewater in China. However, to date, no studies have investigated the removal of chroma from VC wastewater, or characterized the chromophoric organic matter in wastewater. In this study, choromophoric organic matter in effluent from anaerobic-aerobic treatment of Vitamin C wastewater was characterized using high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), ultrafiltration, and infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. Routine water-quality indices were determined, and indicated that the organic matter in the effluent contained nitrogen. The molecular weight of most organic matter in this effluent was below 1000 Da, while the remainder was between 1000–3000 Da. These compounds are likely biodegradation products of high molecular weight organic matter in the effluent, which are raw materials and byproducts from VC production. IR spectra indicated that the low molecular weight (<1000 Da) organic matter and higher molecular weight (1000–3000 Da) organic matter contain similar major functional groups, including -OH, -NH₂, -CO-NH₂, -C=O-, and -COO⁻. The effluent was treated using electrolysis, and UV/Vis spectra of this effluent before and after electrolysis indicated that -C=O is an important chroma group in this effluent. Electrolysis can easily break -C=O, and provides a feasible technology for the advanced treatment of anaerobic-aerobic effluent from VC wastewater treatment.     

Encumbering the intramolecular π donation by using a bridge: A strategy for designing metal-free compounds to hydrogen activation

On the basis of the FLP (frustrated Lewis pair) principle, a new strategy has been proposed to construct the “frustration” in designing metal-free hydrogen activation compounds, by using FMO (frontier molecular orbital) analyses and quantum mechanics calculations. Unlike the known FLPs which use bulky substituents to prevent them from forming stable Lewis acid/base complexes, the new approach encumbers the intramolecular π donation from the electron donor to the acceptor (e.g. in BH₂NH₂) by using a CH₂ bridge (giving BH₂CH₂NH₂). The strategy is simple and effective. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by the small hydrogen activation energy (12.0 kcal/mol) of the model molecule (BH₂CH₂NH₂), which is significantly less than the 42.7 kcal/mol of BH₂NH₂ and also less than the 18.5 kcal/mol of BH₂PH₂ whose derivative, R₂PB(C₆F₅)₂, has been experimentally shown to be able to activate hydrogen. We also exemplified how to use the strategy to design experimentally more realizable molecules. The example shows promises as a hydrogen activation agent. The strategy can be used to design metal-free catalysts for direct hydrogenation.     

微波消解-同位素稀释质谱法测量鱼中汞含量

建立了微波消解-同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ID-ICP-MS),用于测定国际物质量咨询委员会(CCQM)K43.1比对样品剑鱼中汞含量。对质谱测量汞的条件进行了优化,同时为了消除汞的记忆效应,比较了5%(体积分数)HNO₃、1‰(体积分数)2-巯基乙醇以及交替使用5μg/gAu和10μg/g EDTA3种方法对仪器的清洗效果。实验结果表明：射频功率1500～1600W,载气流速1.18L/min,取样深度7.5～6.9mm,积分时间0.4s条件下,能够获得准确的同位素比值;5μg/g Au和10μg/g EDTA溶液交替清洗在同样的洗涤时间内可使仪器本底最低。本文方法测定鱼中汞含量的平均值为(5.26±0.15)mg/kg, 在标准值(5.30±0.24)mg/kg的不确定度范围内。     

Reconstructing mean maximum temperature of growing season from the maximum density of the Schrenk Spruce in Yili, Xinjiang, China

To study the historical temperature variation in Yili of Xinjiang, the tree-ring chronologies of maximum density （MXD） and tree-ring width （TRW） were established with the Schrenk Spruce （Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey） collected from six sites to analyze the characteristics and ability of response to climate change. The results suggest that the MXD chronology of the Schrenk Spruce from different sampling sites responded to climate change well and were positively correlated with the mean maximum temperature and the mean temperature from April to August in the study area. The mean maximum temperature anomaly from April to August, spanning the years from 1848 to 2000, was reconstructed by three MXD chronologies which were selected by stepwise regression. The reconstructed function was stable and explained 56.2% of the variance. The reconstructed results indicated a cold span of 153 years in spring and summer from the beginning of the 1950s to the beginning of the 1970s in the Yili valley. No strongly increasing tendency was detected in the mean maximum temperature anomaly from April to August during this reconstructed period.     

一种基于演化密码和HMM改进的Koblitz安全曲线产生新方法

考虑未来云计算攻击和量子计算机攻击,需要储备安全强度更高的ECC安全曲线．利用隐Markov模型（HMM）预测迹向量解决基点计算难题,完善基于演化密码思想提出的Koblitz安全曲线产生新算法,完成了F（2 2000）以内Koblitz安全曲线的搜索实验,产生的安全曲线基域的覆盖范围、曲线的规模和产生效率均超过美国NIST的公开报道参数．可提供的安全曲线的基域和基点最高超过1900bit,远超过美国NIST公布的571bit．在NIST公布的F（2163）-F（2571）范围之间还有新的安全曲线发现．对产生的安全曲线进行了详细的安全分析,表明与NIST推荐的安全曲线具有相同的安全准则．     

温室春石斛兰花期与外观品质温度调控模型

低温春化处理是保证春石斛兰开花和外观品质的关键技术.针对我国温室春石斛兰生产中普遍存在的因春化阶段温度控制不当,导致不能及时开花和外观品质下降或成为盲花的问题,文中通过不同定植期和不同温度春化处理实验,定量分析了温度对春石斛兰春化进程和产品外观品质的影响,并进一步建立了温室春石斛兰花期与外观品质温度调控模型.用独立的实验资料对模型进行检验,结果表明,模型对不同温度条件下春石斛兰完成春化阶段所需天数、到达采收所需天数和外观品质的预测效果较好.模型对各个生育时期(从春化开始到花芽生长.花芽生长到现蕾,现蕾到始花,始花到采收期)预测值与实测值之间的决定系数R。为0.97,回归统计标准误RMSE分别为1 d(从春化开始到花芽生长)、1.58 d(花芽生长到现蕾)、4 d(现蕾到始花)、6.52 d(始花到采收期).采收时单株花蕾节数与单株花蕾数预测值与实测值之间的R~2分别为0.81和0.84,RMSE分别为0.62/plant和0.65/plant.对不同白天和夜间温度控制目标下,春石斛兰完成春化阶段所需的天数、到达采收所需天数和外观品质的模拟分析结果表明,当夜间温度为9～14℃,白天温度为18～28℃时,春石斛兰产品可以最快上市且外观品质最优.文中建立的模型可以为温室春石斛兰花期与外观品质的温度精准调控提供理论依据和决策支持.     

STS教育理论在生物化学实验教学中的运用

STS教育既是一种教育思想,也是一种教育模式,这种新型教学模式是当前国际理科教学改革热点,探索如何运用STS教育理论来指导高校教学是每一位高校教师的职责,本文就在生物化学实验教学中STS教育理论的实施途径做以探索,以期望提高教学质量。     

Changes in palaeoproductivity of Genggahai Lake over the past 16 ka in the Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Sequential samples of a 7.82-m sediment core from Genggahai Lake in the central Gonghe Basin,controlled with 12 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C dates,have been analysed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents,carbon isotope of bulk organic matter (δ 13 C org),and carbonate content.Plant macrofossils and stem encrustations,derived mainly from the species of P.pectinatus,M.spicatum and Chara spp.,were identified,and they dominated the aquatic plant community of the lake.Alternations of plant macrofossils of Chara spp.and the vascular species reflect the changing productivity of the lake over time.In such a shallow lake,the carbonate content is highly related to photosynthesis of aquatic macrophytes and thus indirectly indicates variations in productivity,consistent with a quantitative estimate of palaeoproductivity.Based on these results,the palaeoproductivity history was reconstructed over the past ca.16 ka.The lake was formed or recharged at 15.3 cal ka BP,as indicated by aeolian sand deposits at the core base.A marked increase in palaeoproductivity occurred from 15.3 to 11.6 cal ka BP.Between 11.6 and 9.2 cal ka BP,a sharply increased water-level,modulated probably by the enhanced Asian summer monsoon,might have exceeded the optimum water depth for macrophyte vegetation,causing a marked decline in coverage of aquatic macrophytes and low palaeoproductivity.The palaeoproductivity appeared to be high in the early stage of the period from 9.2 to 7.4 cal ka BP,and then decreased at approximately 8.6 cal ka BP.The palaeoproductivity sustained an overall high level between 7.4 and 2.1 cal ka BP,and decreased gradually since 2.1 cal ka BP.Our results suggest that the variability of Genggahai Lake palaeoproductivity may be associated with fluctuations of the lake level controlled by the strength of the Asian summer monsoon,probably indicating changes in the Asian summer monsoon.